THE IMPACT OF EXPORT ON EMPLOYMENT: PANEL DATA ANALYSIS FOR REGIONAL BASE IN TURKEY

This study examines the impact of export on regional employment in Turkey. To this end, using the annual export and employment figures of Regional Level 2 (Sub-regions) in Turkey for the 2005-2016 period, the study reveals that regional export in Turkey affected the regional employment rate positively. That is, an increase in regional export activity will lead to an increase in regional employment. This finding indicates that developing policies that will help promote the incentives in regional export rate correspondingly results in the employment rate. It appears that one of the leading problems in developing countries which have limited resources like Turkey is to see the gravity of the significance of the incentive policies that will promote employment.

İHRACATIN İSTİHDAMA ETKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN BÖLGESEL BAZDA PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Çalışmada Türkiye’de ihracatın istihdam üzerindeki etkisi bölgesel bazda inceleme konusu yapılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Türkiye Düzey 2’de yer alan tüm alt bölgelerin yıllık ihracat ve istihdam verileri 2005-2016 dönemi için kullanılmıştır. İhracatın istihdama etkisi panel veri yöntemi yardımı ile araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre Türkiye’de bölgesel ihracatın bölgesel istihdamı pozitif etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla elde edilen bu bulgu, bölgesel ihracat artışının bölgesel istihdamı artıracağı sonucu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bulgunun önemi istihdamı artırmaya yönelik politikalarda bölgesel ihracatın artırılmasına yönelik teşviklerin istihdamın artışına da etki edeceğinin belirlenmesidir. Nitekim Türkiye gibi kaynakları sınırlı olan gelişmekte olan ülkelerde en önemli sorunlardan biri olan istihdamın artırılmasına yönelik yatırımlarda ihracatı teşvik politikalarının ne denli önemli olduğunu görülmektedir

PDF

___

AJAZ, Ayesha (2016), “Investigating the Co-integration between Exports and Female Employment: A Case Study of Pakistan”, International Journal of scientific research and management (IJSRM), Vol: 4, No: 3, p. 3976-3983.

AKCORAOGLU, Alpaslan and Senay, Acikgoz (2011), “Employment, International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment: Time Series Evidence from Turkey”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Issue: 76 p. 89-101.

AKKUŞ, Güzin Emel (2014), “The Effects of Trade and Productivity on Employment in the Manufacturing Industry of Turkey”, İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, Vol: 64, No:2, p. 1-44.

AKTAKAS, Ba şak Gül, Faruk, Mike, Cengiz, Aytun and Mina Mahjoub, Laleh (2013), “The Relationship of Sectoral Export-Employment: The Case of Turkey (2004- 2011)”, Journal of Cukurova University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol:17, No: 1, p. 37-50.

ALTAY, Hüseyin and Alper, Yılmaz (2016), “Analysing the Effect of Export on Employment in Turkish Economy”, Finance, Politics&Economic Reviews, Vol: 53, No: 616, p. 75-86.

AWAD-WARRAD, Taleb (2018), “Trade Openness, Economic Growth and Unemployment Reduction in Arab Region”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Vol:8, No:1, p. 179-183.

AYDINER, Mehmet (2016), “Effect of Export on Employment:”, Eurasian Academy of Sciences Eurasian Business & Economics Journal, Vol:4, p.30-41. http://busecon.eurasianacademy.org/dergi//ihracatin-istihdam-uzerine-etkisi201601.pdf Accessed: 11.04.2019

AYHAN, Fatih (2016), “The Relationship Between Exchange Rate Volatility, Foreign Trade and Employment: Turkey Case”, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya, Turkey.

AYHAN, Fatih (2018), “An Analysis of the Relationship between Export, Import and Employment Levels in Turkey Economy”, Cankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol: 8, No: 2, p. 115-135.

BAI, Jushan and Serena. NG, (2004), “A Panic Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration”, Econometrica, Vol: 72, No:4, p. 1127-1177.

BALTAGI, Badi. H. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (third ed.),vJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://himayatullah.weebly.com/uploads/5/3/4/0/53400977/baltagi-econometric-analysis-of-panel-data_himmy.pdf Accessed: 10.04.2019

BREITUNG, Jörg (2005), “A Parametric Approach to The Estimation of Cointegration Vectors in Panel Data”, Econometric Reviews, Vol. 24, No: 2, p. 151-173.

BREUER, Boucher, Robert, Mcnown and Myles, Wallace (2002), “Series-Specific Unit Root Test with Panel Data”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol: 64, No:5, p. 527-546.

CHOI, In (2001), “Unit Roots Tests for Panel Data”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol:20, Issue: 2, p. 229-272.

ÇÜTCÜ, İbrahim and Hatice, Cenger (2017), “The Relationship Between Foreign Trade and Unemployment in Turkey: Structural Breaks in Time Series Analysis”, III. International Entrepreneurship, Employment and Career Congress, 12-15 October 2017 Muğla / Turkey, Book of Congress, 68-82.

DIZAJI, Monireh and Arash Ketabforoush, Badri (2014), “The Effect of Exports on Employment in Iran’s Economy”, Merit Research Journal of Art, Social Science and Humanities, Vol:2, No:6, p. 81-88, http://www.meritresearchjournals.org/assh/index.htm Accessed: 09.04.2019

ERLAT, Güzin (2000), “Measuring the Impact of Trade Flows on Employment in the Turkish Manufacturing Industry”, Applied Economics, Vol:32, No:9, p. 1169-1180.

GÖÇER, İsmet., Mehmet, Mercan and Osman, Peker (2013), “Export, Foreign Direct Investment and Unemployment: The Case of Turkey”, Business and Economics Research Journal, Vol:4, No:1, p. 103-120.

GREENAWAY, David, Robert C., Hine, and Peter, Wright (1999), “An Empirical Assessment of the Impact of Trade on Employment in the United Kingdom”, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol:15, No:3, p. 485-500.

GUJARATI, Damodar N. and Dawn, Porter (2009). Basic Econometrics. Fifth Edition. Mcgraw-Hill International Edition, New York.

GÜL, Ekrem and Ahmet, Kamacı (2012), “Effects of International Trade on Employment: A Panel Data Analysis”, Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, Vol:12, No:4, p. 23-32.

HA, Hoi Van and Tuyen Quang, Tran (2017), “International Trade and Employment: A Quantile Regression Approach”, Journal of Economic Integration, Vol:32, No:3, p. 531-557.

HADRI, Kaddour (1999), “Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panel Data”, Econometrics Journal, Vol:4, No:3, p. 148–161.

IM, Kyung So., Hashem, Pesaran, and Yongcheol, Shin (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol: 115, No: 1, p. 53-74.

JENKINS, Rhys (2004), “Vietnam in The Global Economy: Trade, Employment and Poverty”, Journal of International Development, Vol:16, No:1, p. 13-28.

JENKINS, Rhys and SEN, Kunal (2006), “International Trade and Manufacturing Employment in the South: Four Country Case Studies”, Oxford Development Studies, Vol: 34, No: 3, p. 299- 322.

KARAÇOR, Zeynep and Taha Bahadır, Saraç (2011), “The Short-Term and Long-Term Relationship Between Foreign Trade and Industrial Sector Employment Rate: Turkey Case (1963-2009)”, Journal of Management and Economics: Celal Bayar University the Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences Journal, Vol:18, No:2, p. 181-194.

KIYOTA, Kozo (2014), “Exports and Employment in China, Indonesia, Japan and Korea” OECD Trade Policy Papers, No: 166, p. 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jxzqqw84vmp-en Accessed: 03.12.2018

KO, Kaung Myat, Poomthan, Rangkakulnuwat and Sasiwimon W, Paweenawat (2015), “The Effect of International Trade on Labor Demand in ASEAN5”, Economics Bulletin, Vol:35, No: 2, p. 1034-1041. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281214485_The_Effect_of_International_Trade_on_Labor_Demand_in_ASEAN5 Accessed: 12.04.2019

LEVIN, Andrew, Chien Fu, Lin and Chia-Shang James, Chu (2002), “Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol:108, No:1, p. 1-24.

MADDALA, G. S. and Shaowen, WU (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol:61, Issue: S1, p. 631-652.

PESARAN, M. Hashem (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, University of Cambridge, Working Paper, No. CWPE 0435.

PESARAN, M. Hashem (2007), “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol:22, No:2, p. 265-312.

POLAT, Özgür and Enes Ertad, Uslu (2011), “Impact of International Trade on Employment in Manufacturing Industry of Turkey”, African Journal of Business Management, Vol:5, No:13, p. 5127-5135.

POLAT, Özgür., Enes Ertad, Uslu and Cahit, Aydemir (2011), “Analysis of Trade and Employment in Manufacturing Industry Using Panel Data Method”, Business and Economics Research Journal, Vol: 2, No: 3, p. 161-171.

TAYLOR, Mark and Lucio, Sarno (1998), “The Behaviour of Real Exchange Rates during the Post-Bretton Woods Period”, Journal of International Economics, Vol:46, No:2, p. 281-312.

WHANG, Unjung, Sooyoung, Lee, Hyuk H. Kim and Youngho, Kong (2018), “The Effects of Exports on Employment in Korean Manufacturing: An Industry-level Analysis”, World Economy Brief, Vol:8, No: 8, p. 1-4.

YERDELEN TATOĞLU, Ferda., (2016), Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.