İkinci/Yabancı Dil Öğretiminde Sadeleştirilmiş Metin Sorunları Üzerine

Dil öğretim sürecinde, metin oluşturma konusunda temelyaklaşımlardan biri metni, öğrenicinin düzeyi bakımındandaha anlaşılır biçimde sunmaktır. Okuma malzemeleri, yadoğrudan bu amaca uygun üretilmekte ya da seçilen özgün(authentic) malzemeler düzeylere veya konulara uygun haldesunulmak üzere değiştirim (modification) yoluyla hazırlanmaktadır. Dil öğretiminde metin değiştirim türlerinden birisadeleştirme (simplification)'dir. Bu çalışmada, sadeleştirilmesürecine hakim olan yaklaşımlar ve sadeleştirmenin bilimselaşamalarına dair önemli görülen noktalar, belirli sorular yoluyla ele alınmaktadır. Konu, bu alanda ortaya konulmuş olançeşitli temel kaynaklardan hareketle değerlendirilmekte; buyolla da ilgili alanda çalışma yapmak isteyenlere temel bir literatür sunulmaktadır

On Problems Related to the Use of Simplified Texts in Second/Foreign Language Teaching

In the process of language teaching, one of the main approaches is to present the text in a way that is more compre- hensible in terms of the learner's level. Reading materials are directly produced for this purpose, or selected authentic mate- rials are prepared through modification in order to make these materials suitable for students' levels or course content. One of the methods of text modification in language teaching is simplification. This study discusses approaches that deal with the process of simplification and significant points considered to be related to the scientific stages of simplification. The subject is evaluated through the primary publications in this field, and in this way the basic literature is introduced for people who would like to do further research on this topic.

___

Allen, David (2009). "A study of the role of relative clauses in the simplification of news texts for learners of English". System 37: 585-99.

Ateşman, Ender (1997). "Türkçede Okunabilirliğin Ölçülmesi". A. Ü. TÖMER Dil Dergisi 58: 71-74.

Aziz, Anealka, Chan Yuen Fook and Zubaidah Alsree (2010). "Scientific Struc- tural Changes within Texts of Adapted Reading Materials". English Lan- guage Teaching 3: 216-223.

Barzilay, Regina and Michael Elhadad (1997). "Using Lexical Chains for Text Summarization". Advances in Automatic Text Summarization. Chapter 10, I. Mani and M.T. Maybury eds, MIT Press, 1999. (revised and expanded version of the paper in Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization Workshop (ISTS'97), ACL, Madrid, 1997) (http://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/cyl/download/papers/lexical-chains.pdf Alıntılama Tarihi: 28.06.2011)

Bezirci, Burak ve Asım Egemen Yılmaz (2010). "Türkçe İçin Yeni Bir Okunabilir- lik Ölçütü Önerisi". 18. Sosyal İşleme ve İletişim Uygulamaları Kurultayı Bildirileri. Diyarbakır. 368-371.

Brantmeier, Cindy (2005). "Effects of Reader's Knowledge, Text Type, and Test Type on L1 and L2 Reading Comprehension in Spanish". The Modern Language Journal 89: 37-53.

Crossley, Scott A., Philip M. McCarthy, Max M. Louwerse and Danielle S. McNamara (2007). "A Linguistic Analysis of Simplified and Authentic Texts". The Modern Language Journal 91: 15-30.

Crossley, Scott A. and Danielle S. McNamara (2008). Assessing Second Language Reading Texts at the Intermediate Level: An approximate replication of Crossley, Louwerse, McCarthy, and McNamara (2007). Language Teach- ing 41/3: 409-429.

Crossley, Scott A., David Allen and Danielle S. McNamara (2011). "Text reada- bility and Intuitive Simplification: A Comparison of Readability Formu- las". Reading in a Foreign Language 23/1: 84-102.

Crossley, Scott A., David Allen and Danielle S. McNamara (2012). "Text Simpli- fication and Comprehensive Input: A Case for Intuitive Approach". Lan- guage Teaching Research 16/1: 89-108.

Green, Anne and Bonnie Earnest Youngs (2001). "Using the Web in Elementary French and German Courses: Quantitative and Qualitative Study Re- sults". CALICO Journal 19: 89-122.

Hancıoğlu, Nilgün and John Eldridge (2007). Texts and frequency lists: Some implications for practicing teachers. ELT Journals 61 (4): 330-340

Honeyfield, John (1977). "Simplification". TESOL Quarterly 11(4): 431-440.

Jung, Jookyoung (2009). "Second Language Reading and the Role of Grammar". Teachers College, Columbia University Working Papers in TESOL & Applied Linguistics 9/2: 29-48.

Long, Michael H. and Steven Ross (1993). "Modification that Preserve Language and Content". Simplification: Theory and Application. Ed. M.L. Tickoo. SEAMEO Regional Language Centre Press. 29-52.

Lotherington-Woloszyn, Heather (1993). "Do Simplified Texts Simplify Lan- guage Comprehension for ESL Learners?". Theory and Application. Ed. M.L. Tickoo. SEAMEO Regional Language Centre Press. 140-154.

Mehrpour, Saeed and Abdolmehdi Riazi (2004). "The Impact of Text Length on EFL Students' Reading Comprehension". Asian EFL Journal 6/3: 235- 243. (http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/Sept_04_sm_ar.pdf Alıntılama Tarihi 19.07.2012)

Newsom, Robert Stone, and A. J. H. Gaite (1971). "Prose Learning: Effects of Pretesting and Reduction of Passage Length". Psychological Reports 28: 123-129.

Nunan, David (1999). Second language teaching and learning. London: Heinle & Heinle.

Oh, Sun-Young (2001). "Two Types of Input Modification and EFL Reading Comprehension: Simplification Versus Elaboration", Tesol Quarterly 35(1,Spring): 69-96.

Petersen, Sarah E. and Mari Ostendorf (2007). "Text Simplification for Language Learners: A Corpus Analysis". Speech and Language Technology in Educa- tion: 69-72.

Ragan, Alex (2006). "Using Adapted Text in ELL Clasroom". The ELL Outlook March/April, (http://www.coursecrafters.com/ELL-Outlook/2006/mar_apr/ ELLOutlookITIArticle1.htm Alıntılama Tarihi 19.04.2011)

Silber, H.Gregory and Kathleen F. McCoy (2007). "An Efficient Text Summariz- er Using Lexical Chains". Proceedings of the First International Natural Language Generation Conference. June 12-16, 2000. Mitzpe Ramon, Israel- INLG 2000. 268-71. (http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W00/W00-1438.pdf Alıntılama Tarihi 28.06.2011)

Tweissi, Adel I. (1998). "The Effects of the Amount and Type of Simplification on Foreign Language Reading Comprehension". Reading in a Foreign Lan- guage 11/2: 191-206.

Urano, Ken (2000). Lexical Simplification And Elaboration: Sentence Comprehen- sion And Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition. Hawai: University of Hawai A Thesis of Master of Arts in English as a Second Language. (http://www.urano-ken.com/research/thesis.pdf Alıntılama Tarihi Erişim 28.11.2011).

Yano, Yasukata, Michael H. Long and Steven Ross (1994). "The effects of simpli- fied and elaborated texts on foreign language reading comprehension". Language Learning 44: 189-219.

Young, Dolly Jesusita (1999). "Linguistic simplification of SL reading material: Effective instructional practice?". Modern Language Journal 83: 350-366.

Zainal, Zaidah and Prema Baskeran (2010). "A Comparative Study of Reading Authentic (http://eprints.utm.my/11075/1/A_Comparative_Study_Of_Reading_Aut hentic_And_Non-Authentic_Text.pdf Alıntılama Tarihi 15.09.2012) 1-7.