Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Tarımsal Üretkenlik Üzerine Tetkikat ve Notlar

Osmanlı tarihinde 16. yüzyıl tahrir defterlerine dayalı demografi k çalışmalarda hızlı bir nüfus artışı dönemi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Tahrir defterlerinin sağladığı veriler, aynı dönem için tarımsal üretim ve üretkenlik hesaplamaları yapılmasını teşvik etmektedir. Böylece iktisat tarihçileri nüfus değişimleri ile tarımsal ekonomideki gelişmeleri ilişkilendirerek anlamaya gayret etmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar tarımsal üretimde nüfusun hayli gerisinde kalan bir artışa işaret etmektedir. Bu makale, önce Batı’da tarımsal üretkenlik üzerine yapılan çalışmaları daha sonra Osmanlı tarımsal tarihi üzerine çalışmaları ve yanıtı aranan sualleri gözden geçirerek arşiv malzemesi, hesaplama usulleri ve ulaşılan sonuçlara değinmekte, üretim ve üretkenlik hesaplarının zaaflarını vurgulamaktadır. Daha sonra, Osmanlı tarımında üretim ve üretkenlik hesaplamalarında üzerinde durulması gereken bazı hususlara değinmektedir. Osmanlı tarımsal tarihinin arşiv kaynakları tahrir defterleri ile sınırlı değildir. Vakıf defterleri içinde de tarımsal üretim ve üretkenliğe dair soruları yanıtlayabilecek ve iktisat tarihçilerinin dikkate alması lazım gelen kayıtlar bulunmaktadır. Bu makale, vakıf defterlerindeki kayıtları esas alarak bugüne değin üretim ve üretkenlik verilerinin elde edildiği malzeme ve usuller ile tüm hesaplamalar müddetince dayanılan kabullerin sağlam olmadıklarını iddia etmektedir. Tahrir defterlerindeki yetersiz ve sağlıksız veriler sebebiyle hesaplamalar sonucu elde edilen rakamların ve bunlara dayanan her türlü yanıtın isabeti hakkında şüphe duyulmaktadır.

Reconsiderations and Notes on Agricultural Productivity in the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman historiography considers the survey registers as the primary source for demographic history and studies on these registers reveal the 16th century as a period of rapid population rise. The rich content of the registers encouraged the historians to estimate agricultural production and productivity for the 16th and 17th centuries. Thus, economic historians attempted to understand economic developments by linking changes in population and agricultural economy. Historians widely concluded that there was an increase in agricultural production lagging behind the population rise in the 16th century. This paper reviews the works on agricultural productivity in the Western economic history, then it focuses on the works on Ottoman agricultural history. It reconsiders the question pool in the historiography, deals with the pitfalls in archival sources and methods for calculating production and productivity. Archival sources for the Ottoman agricultural history are not limited to the survey registers. The waqf registers can contribute signifi cantly to the economic and demographic history. There are many records in these registers which need to be considered by the economic historians in studying production and productivity matters. Based on these records in the waqf registers this paper concludes that archival sources from which production and productivity data were extracted have several drawbacks and challenges assumptions used in calculations. Therefore, this paper argues that margin of error in estimation is too large and casts doubt on alleged production and productivity figures.

Keywords:

agricultural productivity, labour productivity, agricultural economy agricultural revolution,

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