Mitostan Siyasete Venüs Prometor -Roma-Aphrodisias İlişkisinde Etkin Tanrısal Bir Figür-

Aphrodisias, "Roma İmparatorluk Çağı'nda Anadolu" dendiği vakit ilk akla gelen, hatta adları önemle anılan yerleşim alanlarından biridir. Karia'nın önemli bir kenti, Anadolu'nun ünlü bir kült merkezidir. Roma nezdindeki yeri ise hayli özeldir. İlk yerleşimleri tarih öncesi devirlere uzanan Anadolu'nun binlerce yıllık geçmişi içinde oldukça sıradan duran yöre, "Aphrodisias" adıyla sergilediği sosyo-kültürel ve kentsel kimliğine İ.Ö. 2. yüzyılda, diğer bir deyişle Geç Helenistik/Erken Roma Dönemi'nde bürünmüştür. Gerek Roma emperyalizminin Helenistik dünya üzerindeki yengisi, gerekse o dünyanın en önemli kavşağı olan Anadolu'nun Roma İmparatorluğu'na eklenmesi açısından bir dönüm noktası olan bu yüzyıl, siyasi alanda yitip giden özgürlüklerle bir sonu simgeler görünse de, Aphrodisias için yeni başlangıçlar demektir. Yöre, çağdaşı olan bir çok kenti imrendiren zenginliğine ve bu zenginliğe yakışır kentsel görkemine bu dönemde kapı aralamıştır.

Venus Prometor From Mythos to Politics a Divine Key Figure in the Relations Between Rome and Aphrodisias

The main objective of this article is to illuminate the place of the cult of Venus in the political relations between Rome and Aphrodisias during the Imperial Era and evaluate the involvement of the beliefs in Venus into the Roman foreign policy. Aphrodisias, a Carian settlement and a well known cult center of Venus, lived its golden age under the Roman rule which increasingly expanded from the 2nd century B.C. onwards over Asia Minor. The victory of the Roman imperialism over the Helenistic world can be regarded as a turning point for the Aphrodisians in terms of their economic and urban development. Archaeological finds, mostly inscriptions unearthed at the site, present them as the most favoured nation among the subjects of the Empire and their city as the most privileged. It is highly probable that the economic and political grants offered by the emperors through Senatus Consultum to Aphrodisias not only ensured the continuous loyalty of its inhabitants and thus a strong base essentially needed by the Roman State in order to facilitate its eastward expansionist policy but also motivated other Anatolian cities to submit. There was a sufficient ground in this intimate tie between the emperors and the Aphrodisians: "the Cult of Venus." It is obvious that the emperors' claim that they were the progenies of Venus Prometor (Venus the First Mother) in Aphrodisias, where her cult had already been deeply rooted, was quite respected.

Keywords:

Rome, Aphrodisias, Anatolia, Late Hellenistic Early Rome,

PDF

___

Alexiou, Stylianos. Minos Uygarlığı, çev. Elif Tül Tulunay. İstanbul: Arkeoloji Yay., 1991.
Alkım, Handan. "Explorations and Excavations in Turkey: 1967 and 1968." Anatolica, c.III (1969-1970), s. 1-92.
Appian. Roman History III (The Civil Wars - Books I-III), çev. Horace White. London: William Heinemann Ltd. , MCMLXIV (1964).
Aulock, Hans Von ed. SNG Karien (Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum -Karien), c. 7 (No. 2334-2867), Berlin: The British Academy Deutsches Archaeologisches Institut Verlag Gebr. Mann., 1962.
Badian, E. "Notes on Some Documents from Aphrodisias Concerning Octavian." GRBS (Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies), c. 25 (1984), s. 157-170.
Bailey, Cyril. Religion in Virgil. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1935.
Bean, George E. Turkey Beyond the Meander. London: John Murray, 1989.
Bergren, Ann L. T. "The Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite: Tradition and Rhetoric, Praise and Blame." Class. Ant. (Classical Antiquity),c. 8, no. 1 (April 1989), s. 1-41.
Blümel, Wolfgang. "Die Inschriften von Iasos." IGSK (Inschriften Griechischer Stadte Aus Kleinasien), c.28, II, 2,1985.
-----. "Die Inschriften von Mylasa." IGSK (Inschriften Griechischer Stadte Aus Kleinasien), c. 34,1,1987.
Boeckhius, Augustus ed. CIG, c. II. Berolini Ex Officina Academica, 1843.
Boeckhius, Augustus ed. CIG (Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum), c. II (Berolini Ex Officina Academica, 1843). Subsidia Epigraphica, Quellen und Abhanlungen Zur Griechischen Epigrafik, ed. H. Engelmann 8c R. Merkelbach. New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1977.
Branigan, Keith. "The Genesis of the Household Goddess." Studi Micenei ed Anatolici (Edizioni Dell'Ateneo, Roma), c. 8 (1969), s. 28-38.
Brewster, Harry. Classical Anatolia; The Glory of Hellenism. London: I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd., 1993.
Brown, Laurence. "Sales List." Seaby Coin & Medal Bulletin, no. 816 (December, 1986), s. 382-406.
Burnett, A.M. 'The Iconography of Roman Coin Types in the Third Century B.C." JVC (Numismatic Chronicle), c. 146 (1986), s. 67-75.
Chastagnol, Andre et al. ed., "Asie Mineure." L'Annee Epigraphique. Paris: Presses Universitaires De France, 1980, s. 234-242.
Clayton, Peter ed. "Sales List." Seaby Coin and Medal Bulletin, no. 841 (June, 1989), s. 140-158.
-----. "Sales List." Seaby Coin and Medal Bulletin, no. 828 (March, 1988), s. 50, C 101.
Cook, Arthur Bernard. Zeus, A Study In Ancient Religion, c. I. New York: Biblo & Tannen, 1964.
Cormack, Robin. "The Temple as the Cathedral." Aphrodisias Papers: Recent Work On Architecture and Sculpture, ed. Charlotte Roueche and Kenan T. Erim, (Journal Of Roman Arhaeology, Supplementary Series No. 1, ed. J. H. Humphrey), Michigan: Ann Arbor, 1990, s.75-88.
Diodorus. Siculus III (Books TV.59 - VIII), çev. C. H. Oldfather. London: William Heinemann Ltd., MCMXXXIX (1939).
Dionysus (of Halicarnassus). Roman Antiquities I (Books Iş II), çev. E. Cary. London: Willliam Heinemann Ltd., MCMLXVTII (1968).
Dittenberger, Wilhelmus. Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (Supplementum Sylloges Inscriptionum Graecarum), Volumen Altertum, Lipsiae: Apud S. Hirzel, MDCCCCV.
Doruk, Seyhan. "Aphrodisias; Araştırmalar - Kazılar- Tarihçe." Belleten, c. LIII, sayı: 207 - 208 (Ağustos - Aralık, 1989). Ankara: TTK, 1989, s. 553-563.
Engelmann, H. 8c R. Merkelbach, "Inschriften von Erythrai Und Klazomenai": IGSK(Inschriften Griechischer Stadte Aus Kleinasien), c. II, 1973
Erim, K. T. Aphrodisias: City of Venüs-Aphrodite. New York: Facts on File Publications, 1986.
-----. Aphrodisias, İstanbul: Net Turistik Yay., 1993.
-----. "Aphrodisias 1964 Hafriyatı." TAD (Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi) XTV/ 1, II (1965), s. 135-140.
-----. "Aphrodisias 1982." KST (Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı) V (1983), s. 275-283.
-----. "Aphrodisias 1984." KST (Kazı Sonuçları Topîanüsı) VII (1985), s. 541-577.
-----. "Aphrodisias in Caria", The Results of the 1970 Campaign." TAD (Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi) XIX /I (1970), s. 55-85.
-----. "Aphrodisias (Karia) Kazıları." TAD (Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi) XI (1961), s. 26-29.
-----. "Aphrodisias: Results of the 1967 Campaign." TAD (Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi) XVI/1 (1967), s. 67-80.
-----:. "Aphrodisias: Results of the 1968 Campaign." TAD (Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi) XVII (1968), s. 43-57.
-----. "1971 Excavations at Aphrodisias in Caria." TAD (Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi) XX/1 (1973), s. 63-87.
-----. "Aphrodisias: The 1977 Campaign." TAD (Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi) XXV/2 (1981), s. 55-63.
-----. "Ancient Aphrodisias and Its Marble Treasures, "JNGS (Journal of the National Geographic Society), c. 132, no. 2 (August, 1967), s. 280-294.
-----"The Mine of Statuary in Aphrodisias" ILN (Illustrated London News) (Archaeological Section), No. 2213 (February 20, 1965), s. 21-23
-----"More Treasure From the Mine Statuary: Excavations at Aphrodisias in Caria in Sputh-West Turkey. Part I: The Temple and Odeion." ILN (Illustrated London News) (Archaeological Section), No: 2163 (December 21,1963), s.1028-1031.
Erim, K. T. & R. R. R. Smith. "Sculpture From the Theatre: A Preliminary Report." Aphrodisias Papers 2: The Theatre, A Sculptor"s Workshop, Philosophers and Coin Types (Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series, no. 2), ed. R. R. R. Smith 8c Kenan T. Erim, Michigan: Ann Arbor, 1991, s. 67-98.
Farnell, L. R. The Cults of the Greek States.Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1896.
Ferguson, John. The Religions of the Roman Empire. London: Thames 8c Hudson, 1970.
French, David. "Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey. "AS (Anatolian Studies), c. 16 (1966), s. 25-53.
-----."Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey. "AS, c. 20 (1970), s. 7-35.
-----. "Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey. "AS (Anatolian Studies), c. 21(1971), s. 5-58.
-----. "Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey. "AS (Anatolian Studies), c. 22(1972), s. 11-62.
-----. "Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey. "AS (Anatolian Studies), c. 25(1975), s. 15-52.
-----. "Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey. "AS (Anatolian Studies), c. 28 (1978), s. 9-37.
Head, Barclay V. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Caria, Cos, Rhodes 8c c, BMC (British Museum Catalague), London: Printed by Order of the Trusteees of the British Museum, 1897.
-----. Historia Numorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics. London: Spink & Son Ltd., 1963.
Herodotos, The Persian Wars, çev. George Rawlinson.New York: Random House, Inc., 1942.
Hesiodos. "Theogonia". Hesiodos, Eseri"ve Kaynakları, çev. Sabahattin Eyuboğlu & Azra Erhat. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1991.
Hill, G. F. "Some Graeco-Phoenician Shrines", JHS (Journal of Hellenic Studies), c. XXXI (1911), s. 56-64. c. 87 (1972), s. 192-196.
Homeros. İlyada, çev. Azra Erhat & A. Kadir. İstanbul: Can Yayınları, 1984.
Imhoof-Blumer, Friedrich W. Kleinasiatische Münzen, c. I. Wien: Sonderschriften des Österreichischen Archaologischen Instiutes (Alfred Holder K. U. K. Hof- und Universitats-Buchhandler), 1901.
Imhoof-Blumer, Friedrich W. & Percy Gardner. Ancient Coins Illustrating Lost Masterpieces of Greek Art. Chicago: Argonaut Inc. Publishers, 1964.
Joukowsky, Martha Sharp. "Prehistoric Developments on the Acroipolis (Theatre Hill). Aphrodisias Papers 2: The Theatre, A Sculptures Workshop, Philosophers and Coin Types, ed. R. R. R. Smith & Kenan T. Erim (Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series, No. 2, ed. J. H. Humphrey. Michigan: Ann Arbor, 1991, s. 9-13.
Laumonier, Alfred. Les Cultes Indigenes en Carie, ed. E. de Boccard. Paris: Üniversite de Paris-Faculte des Lettres, 1958.
Le Bas, Philippe 8c William Henry Waddington. Inscriptions Grecques et Latines (Recueillies en Asie Mineure), c. II (Subsidia Epigraphica, II), ed. H. Engelmann 8c R. Merkelbach. Hildesheim-New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1972..
Leick, Gwendolyn. A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. London: Routledge, 1991.
Levi, D. "Minoan Research Crosses the Aegean: Recent Excavations at Iasos in Caria." ILN (Illustrated London News) (Archaeological Section, No: 2141) (July 20,1963), s. 88-91.
MacDonald, David J. The Coinage of Aphrodisias. London: Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication, No. 23,1992.
Magie, David. Roman Rule in Asia Minor, c. I. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University press, 1950.
Mellink, Machteld J. "Archaeology in Asia Minor.", AJA (American Journal of Archaeology), c . 69 (1965), s. 133-149.
-----. "Archaeology in Asia Minor.", AJA (American Journal of Archaeology),c . 80 (1976), s. 261-289
-----,"Archaeology in Asia Minor." AJA (American Journal of Archaeology), c. 81 (1977), s. 289-321.
-----"Archeology in Asia Minor." AJA (American Journal of Archaeology), c. 87 (1983), s. 427-442.
Marchese, Ronald T. "Report on the West Acropolis Excavations at Aphrodisias : 1971-1973." AJA (American Journal of Archaeology), c. 80 (1976), s. 393-412.
Martialis. Epigrams, ed. ve çev. Shackleton Bailey. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Orth, Wofgang. "Der Triumvir Octavian, Bemerkungen zu Inschriften Aus Aphrodisias", EA (Epigraphica Anatolica), c. 3 (1984), s. 61-82.
Ovidius. Amores (The Love Poems), çev. A. D. Melville. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
-----. Metamorphoses, çev. Marry M. Innes. New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1985.
Pausanias. Description of Greece, çev. W.H.S. Jones. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1992.
Plant, Richard. Greek Coin Types and Their Identification. London: Seaby Publications Ltd, 1979.
Pleket, H. W. et al. ed., SEG (Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum), c. XXX (1980), s. 285-442.
-----. SEG (Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum), c. XXVI (1976-1977), s. 280-348.
Pliny. Natural History IX (Libri XXXIII - XXXV), çev. H. Rackham. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press, MCMLXVIII (1968).
-----. Natural History X (Libri XXXVI-XXXVII), çev. D. E. Eichholz. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press, MCMLXII (1962).
Price, S.R.F. "Gods and Emperors : The Greek Language of the Roman Imperial Cult." JHS (Journal of Hellenic Studies), c. CIV (1984), s. 79-85.
Reynolds, Joyce M. Aphrodisias and Rome (Society For the Promotion of Roman Studies, Journal of Roman Studies Monographs No. 1), London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies,1982.
-----. "Aphrodisias: A Free and Federate City." Vestigia (Akten des VI. Internationalen Kongresses fur Griechische und Lateinische Epigraphik, München 1972), c. 17 (1973). München: Kommission Füe Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik Des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, s.115-122.
-----."Epigraphic Evidence for the Construction of the Theatre: 1st Century B.C. to mid 3rd c. A:D." Aphrpdisias Papers 2: The Theatre, A Sculptor's Workshop, Philosophers and Coin Types, ed. R. R. R: Smith & K. T. Erim (Journal of Roman Arhaeology Supplementary Series No. 2, ed. J. H. Humphrey). Michigan: Ann Arbor, 1991, s. 15-28.
-----. "Honouring Benefactors At Aphrodisias : A New Inscription." Aphrodisias Papers 3: The Setting and Quarries, Mythological and Other Sculptural Decoration, Architectural Development, Portico of Tiberius, and Tetrapylon (Including the Papers given at the 4 ' International Aphrodisias Colloquium, held at King"s College, London on 14 March, 1992 in Memory of Kenan T. Erim), ed. Charlotte Roueche & R. R. R. Smith (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series No. 20, ed. J. H. Humphrey) Michigan: Ann Arbor, 1996, s. 121-126.
-----_. "Inscriptions and the Building of the Temple of Aphrodite." Aphrodisias Papers; Recent Work on Architecture and Sculpture, ed. Charlotte Roueche and Kenan T. Erim. (Journal Of Roman Arhaeology, Supplementary Series No. 1, ed. J. H. Humphrey). Miichigan: Ann Arbor, 1990, s. 37-40.
Robert, Jeanne & Louis Robert. "Bulletin Epigraphique." REG, c. 84 (1971), s. 397-540.
-----. "Bulletin Epigraphique." REG (Revue Etudes Grecques), c. 90 (1977), s. 314-448.
-----. "Bulletin Epigraphique." REG (Revue Etudes Grecques), c. 94 (1981), s. 362-485.
-----. "Bulletin Epigraphique." REG (Revue Etudes Grecques), c. 95 (1982), s. 322-432.
-----. "Bulletin Epighraphique." REG (Revue Etudes Grecques), c. 96 (1983), s. 76-191.
Roueche, Charlotte. "Bulletin Epigraphique: Aphrodisias." REG (Revue Etudes Grecques), c. 101 (1988), s.; 457-458.
-----. "Inscriptions and Later History of the Theatre." Aphrodisias Papers 2: The Theatre, A Sculptor"s Workshop, Philosophers and Coin Types, ed. R. R. R. Smith & K. T. Erim. Michigan: Ann Arbor, 1991, s. 99-108.
Sherk, Robert K. Roman Documents from the Greek East; Senatus Consulta andEpistulae to the Age of Augustus. Baltimore: John Hopkins, 1969.
Smith, R. R. R. "Aphrodisias 1990." KSTXIII/2 (1991), s. 141-154
-----. "Aphrodisias 1993." KST (Kazı Sonuçları Toplanüsı) XVI/2 (1994), s. 191-206.
-----. "Archaeological Research at Aphrodsias 1989-1992." Aphrodisias Papers 3: The Setting and Quarrries, Mythological and Other Sculptural Decoration, Architectural Development, Portico of Tiberius and Tetrapylon (Including the Papers Given at the 4th International Aphrodisias Colloquium held Knig"s College, London on 14 March 1992 in Memory ofK. T. Erim), ed. Cahrlotte Roueche 8c R. R. R. Smith (Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series No. 20, ed. J. H. Humphrey) Michigan:Ann Arbor, 1996, s. 11-72.
-----. "Late Antique Portraits in A Public Context : Honorific Statuary At Aphrodisias in Caria, A.D. 300-600." JRS (Journal of Roman Studies), c. LXXXIX (1999), s. 155-189.
-----. "Late Roman Philosopher Portraits From Aphrodisias." JRS (Journal of Roman Studies), c. LXXX (1990), s. 127-155.
-----. "Simulacra Gentim: The Ethne from the Sebasteion At Aphrodisias." JRSQournal of Roman Studies), c. LXXVIII (1988), s. 50-77.
-----. "The Imperial Reliefs From the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias." JRS (Journal of Roman Studies), c. LXXVII (1987), s. 88-132.
Strabon. Geographika, XII-XTV, çev. Adnan Pekman. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay., 1993.
Şahin, M. Çetin.. "Die Inschriften Von Stratonikeia." IGSK (Inschriften Griechischer Stadte Aus Kleinasien), c. 21, I (Die inschriften Von Panamara), 1981.
-----.Die Inschriften Von Stratonikeia." IGSK (Inschriften Griechischer Stadte Aus Kleinasien), c. 22/1, II/l (Lagina, Stratonikeia Und Umbegung), 1982.
Vergilius. Aeneis, çev. Robert Fitzgerald, New York, 1983.
Weinreich, O. "0EOI EI1HKOOI." AM (Athennische Mittheilungen), c. XXXVII (1912), s. 1-68.
Winter, Brucwe W. "The Impreial Cult." The Book Of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting, ed. By David W.J. Gill & Conrad Gempf, c. II. Michigan: William B.. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1994, s. 93-103.