Oya İnci BOLAT, Tamer BOLAT, Oya SEYMEN, Murad YÜKSEL

İSTİSMARCI YÖNETİM VE TÜKENMİŞLİK: LİDER-ÜYE ETKİLEŞİMİ VE GÜÇ MESAFESİNİN DÜZENLEYİCİ ETKİSİ

Örgütlerde ast-üst ilişkilerini olumsuz yönde etkileyen istismarcı yönetim konusu, yazında giderek önem kazanmaktadır. İstismarcı yönetim davranışlarının en önemli etkilerinden biri, astların tükenmişlik yaşamaları olup, bu da hem bireysel hem de örgütsel açıdan birçok olumsuz sonucun ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Öte yandan istismarcı yönetimin tükenmişlik üzerindeki etkisini artıran ya da azaltan çeşitli değişkenler de söz konusudur. Çalışmamızda bu değişkenlerden, lider-üye etkileşimi ve güç mesafesi dikkate alınmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, güç mesafesi ve lider-üye etkileşiminin, istismarcı yönetim ve tükenmişlik ilişkisi üzerindeki düzenleyici etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda, istismarcı yönetim, lider-üye etkileşimi, güç mesafesi ve tükenmişlik ölçeklerini kapsayan bir anket formu oluşturulmuştur. Anketler, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile Bandırma’da faaliyet gösteren ve kamuya ait olan bir fabrikada 02-15 Mayıs 2017 tarihleri arasında uygulanmıştır. Ankete 363 işgören katılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, istismarcı yönetimin tükenmişliği artırıcı yönde bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ve lider-üye etkileşimi ile güç mesafesinin de bu ilişkide düzenleyici bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir

Abusive Supervision and Burnout: The Moderating Effects of Leader-Member Exchange and Power Distance

The abusive supervision that affects the subordinate-superior relations negatively in organizations is increasingly important in the literature. One of the most significant effects of abusive supervision behaviors is the burnout of employees, which causes a lot of negative consequences in terms of both individual and organizational. On the other hand, there are various variables that increase or decrease the effect of abusive supervision on burnout. In our study, the leader-member exchange and power distance were taken into account. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the moderating effects of power distance and leader-member exchange on abusive supervision and burnout relationship. Within this scope, a questionnaire composing scales of abusive supervision, leader-member exchange, power distance and burnout has been formed. The questionnaires have been applied to a governmental factory in Bandırma through convenience sampling technique between May 2-15, 2017. 363 employees have been participated to the study. The results of the study showed that there was an enhancing effect of abusive supervision on burnout and variables of leader-member exchange and power distance have a moderating effect on the relationship between this relationship

Keywords:

Abusive Supervision, Leader-Member Exchange, Power Distance, Burnout,

PDF

___

Ahmad, A. ve Omar, Z. (2013). Abusive Supervision and Deviant Workplace Behavior: The Mediating Role of Work-Family Conflict. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 9(2), 124-130.
Aiken, L.S. ve West, S.G. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions, Newbury Park: Sage Publications, Inc.
Akgündüz, Y. ve Çakıcı, A.C. (2015). Algılanan Örgütsel Desteğin Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışlarına Etkisinde Örgütsel Stresin Aracılık Rolü: Beş Yıldızlı Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 29-41.
Ardıç, K. ve Polatcı, S. (2008). Tükenmişlik Sendromu Akademisyenler Üzerinde Bir Uygulama (GDO Örneği). Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 69-96.
Bakker, A.B., Schaufeli, W.B., Demerouti, E., Janssen, P.P.M., Hulst, R.V.D. ve Brouwer, J. (2000). Using Equity Theory to Examine the Difference between Burnout and Depression. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, 247- 268.
Baş, T. (2001). Anket. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Baş, T., Keskin, N. ve Mert, İ.S. (2010). Lider Üye Etkileşimi (LÜE) Modeli ve Ölçme Aracının Türkçe’de Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Analizi. Ege Akademik Bakış, 10(3), 1013-1039.
Begley, T.M., Lee, C., Fang, Y. ve Li, J. (2002). Power Distance as a Moderator of the Relationship between Justice and Employee Outcomes in a Sample of Chinese Employees. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(8), 692-711.
Bolat, O.İ. (2011a). Öz Yeterlilik ve Tükenmişlik İlişkisi: Lider-Üye Etkileşiminin Aracılık Etkisi. Ege Akademik Bakış, 11(2), 255-266.
Bolat, O.İ. (2011b). Lider Üye Etkileşimi ve Tükenmişlik İlişkisi. “İş, Güç” Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 13(2), 65-80, (DOI: 10.4026/1303-2860.2010.0173.x).
Bolat, O.İ. (2011c). Öz Yeterlilik ve Lider Üye Etkileşimi İlişkisi: Göze Girme Davranışları ve Güç Mesafesinin Etkisi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Bolat, O.İ. (2011d). İş Yükü, İş Kontrolü ve Tükenmişlik İlişkisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 25(2), 87-101.
Breukelen, W.V., Schyns, B. ve Le Blanc, P. (2006). Leader-Member Exchange Theory and Research: Accomplishments and Future Challenges. Leadership, 2(3), 295-316.
Burton, J.P. ve Hoobler, J.M. (2011). Aggressive Reactions to Abusive Supervision: The Role of Interactional Justice and Narcissism. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52(4), 389-398.
Carlson, D., Ferguson, M., Hunter, E. ve Whitten, D. (2012). Abusive Supervision and Work-Family Conflict: The Path through Emotional Labor and Burnout. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 849-859.
Cevrioğlu, E. (2007). Lider-Üye Etkileşimi ile Bireysel ve Örgütsel Sonuçlar Arasındaki İlişki: Ampirik Bir İnceleme. Doktora Tezi, Afyonkarahisar Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar.
Clugston, M., Howell, J.P. ve Dorfman, P.W. (2000). Does Cultural Socialization Predict Multiple Bases and Foci of Commitment?. Journal of Management, 26(1), 5-30.
Cohen, J. ve Cohen, P. (1983). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, (2.b.), New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Costello, A.B. ve Osborne, J.W. (2005). Best Practices in Eploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most From Your Analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
Çalgan, Z., Yeğenoğlu, S. ve Aslan, D. (2009). Eczacılarda Mesleki Bir Sağlık Sorunu: Tükenmişlik. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(1), 61-74.
Çalışkan, S.C. (2008). Yöneticilerin Bireysel Yetkinliklerinin Liderlik Tarzları ve Lider Üye Etkileşimine Verdikleri Önem Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Bu Etkileşimde Kültürel Varsayımların Rolü. Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Çelik, M. (2007). Örgüt Kültürü ve Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı -Bir Uygulama-. Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
Deluga, R.J. ve Perry, J.T. (1991). The Relationship of Subordinate Upward Influencing Behaviour, Satisfaction and Perceived Superior Effectiveness with Leader-Member Exchanges. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64, 239-252.
Dienesch, R.M. ve Liden, R.C. (1986). Leader-Member Exchange Model of Leadership: A Critique and Further Development. Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618-634.
Doğan, T. ve Sapmaz, F. (2012). Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Üniversite Öğrencilerinde İncelenmesi. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 25(4), 297-304.
Dorfman, P.W. ve Howel, J.P. (1988). Dimensions of National Culture and Effective Leadership Patterns: Hofstede Revisited. Advances in International Comparitive Management, 3, 127-150.
Eisenberger, R., Karagonlar, G., Florence Stinglhamber, F., Neves, P., Becker, T.E., Gonzalez-Morales, M.G. ve Steiger-Mueller, M. (2010). LeaderMember Exchange and Affective Organizational Commitment: The Contribution of Supervisor’s Organizational Embodiment, Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(6), 1085-1103.
Enzmann, D., Schaufeli, W.B., Janssen, P. ve Rozeman, A. (1998). Dimensionality and Validity of the Burnout Measure. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 71(4), 331-351.
Erdem, F.S. (2008). Organizasyonlarda Lider-Üye Etkileşimin Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkilerinde İzlenim Yönetimi Davranışının Rolü: Kayseri’de Hizmet Sektöründe Bir Araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
Erdogan, B. ve Liden, R.C. (2006). Collectivism as a Moderator of Responses to Organizational Justice: Implications for Leader-Member Exchange and Ingratiation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 1-17.
Erdogan, B., Kramer, M.L. ve Liden, R.C. (2004). Work Value Congruence and Intrinsic Career Success: The Compensatory Roles of Leader-Member Exchange and Perceived Organizational Support. Personnel Psychology, 57(2), 305-332.
Folkman, S. ve Lazarus, R.S. (1985). If It Changes It Must Be A Process: Study of Emotion and Coping During Three Stages of a College Examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(1), 150-170.
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R.S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A. ve Gruen, R.J. (1986). Dynamics of a Stressful Encounter: Cognitive Appraisal, Coping, and Encounter Outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992-1003.
Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Freudenberger, H.J. (1977). Burn-Out: Occupational Hazard of the Child Care Worker. Child Care Quarterly, 6(2), 90-98.
Gerstner, C.R. ve Day, D.V. (1997). Meta Analytic Review of Leader-Member Exchange Theory: Correlates and Construct Issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 827-844.
Graen, G.B. ve Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-Based Approach to Leadership: Development of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory of Leadership over 25 Years: Applying a Multi-Level Multi-Domain Perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247.
Graham, L.N. ve Witteloostuijn, A.V. (2010). Leader-Member Exchange, Communication Frequency and Burnout. Utrecht School of Economics, Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute, Discussion Paper Series: 10-08, 2-42.
Grandey, A.A., Kern, J.H. ve Frone, M.R. (2007). Verbal Abuse from Outsiders Versus Insiders: Comparing Frequency, Impact on Emotional Exhaustion, and the Role of Emotional Labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(1), 63-79.
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. ve Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis, (7th ed.), New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Hayes, A.F. (2013). PROCESS for SPSS 2.16.3. http://www.guilford.com/p/ hayes3, Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2017.
Hayes, A.F., Montoyai A.K. ve Rockwood, N.J. (2017). The Analysis of Mechanisms and their Contingencies: PROCESS versus Structural Eqation Modeling. Austrilian Marketing Journal, 25, 76-81.
Hayter, M. (2000). Utilizing the Maslach Burnout Inventory to Measure Burnout in HIV/AIDS Specialist Community Nurses: The Implications for Clinical Supervision and Support. Primary Health Care Research and Development, 1, 243-253.
Hofstede, G. ve Hofstede, G.J. (2005). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hon, C.M. (2002). A Quantitative Analysis of Organizational Culture Perception in a Same Industry Merger. Ph.D. Thesis, Capella University.
Hoof, H.B.V., Xu, S.T., Serrano, A-L. ve Torres, L. (2015). Abusive Supervision- A Form of Workplace Harassment: An Exploratory Study in the Ecuadorian Hospitality Industry. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 6(1), 103-121.
Huang, X., Chan, S.C.H., Lam, W. ve Nan, X. (2010). The Joint Effect of Leader- Member Exchange and Emotional Intelligence on Burnout and Work Performance in Call Centers in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(7), 1124-1144.
Jiang, J.Y., Law, K.S. ve Sun, J.J.M. (2014). Leader-Member Relationship and Burnout: The Moderating Role of Leader Integrity. Management and Organization Review, 10(2), 223-247.
Johansen, R.B. ve Platek, T.A. (2017). Running Head: Destructive Leader Behavior in the Norwegian Armed Forces. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 8(2), 55, 1-7.
Kaşlı, M. (2009). Otel İşletmelerinde İşgörenlerin Kişilik Özellikleri, Lider-Üye Etkileşimi ve Tükenmişlik İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Balıkesir.
Kelloway, E. K., Sivanathan, N., Francis, L. ve Barling, J. (2005). Poor Leadership, Julian Barling, E. Kevin Kelloway ve Michael R. Frone (Eds.). Handbook of Work Stress içinde (ss.89-112), California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Khan, S. (2015). Abusive Supervision and Negative Employee Outcomes: The Moderating Effects of Intimidation and Recognition. Journal of General Management, 41(1), 61-81.
Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, (3rd ed.), New York: The Guilford Press.
Lazarus, R.S. ve Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
Le Blanc, P.M., Jong, R.D.D., Geersing, J., Furda, J. ve Komproe, I.H. (1993). Leader Member Exchanges: Distinction Between Two Factors. European Work and Organizational Psychologist, 3(4), 297-309.
Lian, H., Ferris, D.L. ve Brown, D.J. (2012). Does Taking the Good with the Bad Make Things Worse? How Abusive Supervision and Leader-Member Exchange Interact to Impact Need Satisfaction and Organizational Deviance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 117, 41- 52.
Liden, R.C. ve Maslyn, J.M. (1998). Multidimensionality of Leader-Member Exchange: An Empirical Assessment through Scale Development. Journal of Management, 24(1), 43-72.
Lin, W., Wang, L. ve Chen, S. (2013). Abusive Supervision and Employee WellBeing: The Moderating Effect of Power Distance Orientation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 62(2), 308-329.
Malach-Pines, A. (2005). The Burnout Measure, Short Version. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 78-88.
Martinko, M.J., Harvey, P., Brees, J.R. ve Mackey, J. (2013). A Review of Abusive Supervision Research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(1), 120-137.
Maslach, C. ve Jackson, S.E. (1981). The Measurement of Experienced Burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2(2), 99-113.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W.B. ve Leiter, M.P. (2001). Job Burnout. Annual Review Psychology, 52, 397-422.
Mawritz, M.B., Folger, R. ve Latham, G.P. (2014). Supervisors’ Exceedingly Difficult Goals and Abusive Supervision: The Mediating Effects of Hindrance Stress, Anger, and Anxiety. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 358-372.
Mitchell, M.S. ve Ambrose, M.L. (2007). Abusive Supervision and Workplace Deviance and the Moderating Effects of Negative Reciprocity Beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1159-1168.
Murari, K. (2013). Abusive Leadership-A Barrier to Employee Empowerment. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(4), 8-21.
Murphy, S.M., Wayne, S.J., Liden, R.C. ve Erdogan, B. (2003). Understanding Social Loafing: The Role of Justice Perceptions and Exchange Relationships. Human Relations, 56(1), 61-84.
Özutku, H., Ağca, V. ve Cevrioğlu, E. (2008). Lider-Üye Etkileşim Teorisi Çerçevesinde, Yönetici-Ast Etkileşimi ile Örgütsel Bağlılık Boyutları ve İş Performansı Arasındaki İlişki: Ampirik Bir İnceleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 193-210.
Phillips, A.S. ve Bedeian, A.G. (1994). Leader-Follower Exchange Quality: The Role of Personal and Interpersonal Attributes. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 990-1001.
Podsakoff, P.M., Mackenzie, S.B., Lee, J-Y. ve Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8 (2), 23-74.
Schwarzer, R., Schmitz, G.S. ve Tang, C. (2000). Teacher Burnout in Hong Kong and Germany: A Cross-Cultural Validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, 309-326.
Seymen, O.A. (2008). Örgütsel Bağlılığı Etkileyen Örgüt Kültürü Tipleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Sezici, E. ve Güven, Ö.Z. (2017). İstismarcı Yönetici Algısının Kaytarma Üzerindeki Etkisinde Duygusal Tükenmenin Aracılık Rolü: Otel İşletmelerinde Bir İnceleme. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28(1), 58-68.
Smith, C.A. ve Lazarus, R.S. (1990). Emotion and Adaptation, L.A. Pervin (Ed.) Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research içinde (ss.609-637), New York: Guilford.
Surachartkumtonkun, J., Patterson, P.G. ve JMcColl-Kennedy, J.R. (2013). Customer Rage Back-Story: Linking Needs-Based Cognitive Appraisal to Service Failure Type. Journal of Retailing, 89(1), 72-87.
Tepper, B.J. (2000). Consequences of Abusive Supervision. The Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178-190.
Tepper, B.J. (2007). Abusive Supervision in Work Organizations: Review, Synthesis, and Research Agenda. Journal of Management, 33(3), 261-289.
Tepper, B.J., Carr, J.C., Breaux, D.M., Geider, S., Hu, C. ve Hua, W. (2009). Abusive Supervision, Intentions to Quit, and Employees’ Workplace Deviance: A Power/Dependence Analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 156-167.
Üçok, D. ve Turgut, T. (2014). İstismarcı Yönetici Davranışının İşyerindeki Sapkın Davranışlar Üzerindeki Rolü. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 9(3), 163-179.
Wayne, S.J., Liden, R.C. ve Sparrowe, R.T. (1994). Developing Leader-Member Exchanges: The Influence of Gender and Ingratiation. The American Behavioral Scientist, 37(5): 697-714.
Whitman, M.V., Halbesleben, J.R.B. ve Holmes IV, O. (2014). Abusive Supervision and Feedback Avoidance: The Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(1), 38-53.
Wu, S. ve Cao, K. (2015). Abusive Supervision and Work-Family Conflict: The Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 3, 171-178.
Wu, T-Y. ve Hu, C. (2009). Abusive Supervision and Employee Emotinal Exhaustion Dispositional Antecedents and Boundaries. Group & Organization Management, 34(2), 143-169.
Xu, A.J., Loi, R. ve Lam, L.W. (2015). The Bad Boss Takes It All: How Abusive Supervision and Leader-Member Exchange Interact to Influence Employee Silence. The Leadership Quarterly, 26, 763-774.
Yagil, D. (2006). The Relationship of Abusive and Supportive Workplace Supervision to Employee Burnout and Upward Influence Tactics. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 6(1), 49-65.