ROMA, İSTANBUL VE MOSKOVA ARASINDA UKRAYNA’DAKİ KİLİSELER SORUNUNUN KÖKENLERİ

1054 yılında karşılıklı aforoz yoluyla Katolik ve Ortodoks kiliseleri arasında resmileşen ve Great Schism olarak tanımlanan büyük ayrışma komünist rejimlerin çözülmesinin ardından Orta ve Doğu Avrupa (özellikle Estonya, Ukrayna ve Belarus) coğrafyasında yeniden gündeme gelmiştir. 2014 yılında Rusya’nın Kırım’ı ilhakının ardından ivme kazanan bu süreç 2019 itibariyle yeni bir döneme girmiş bulunmaktadır. 2018-19 yıllarında Kiev, Moskova ve İstanbul arasında yeniden alevlenen kilise tartışmaları büyük ölçüde son dönemdeki siyasi gelişmeler çerçevesinde yapılmaktadır. Hâlbuki 2018 yılının son aylarında gelişen süreçle Fener Rum Patrikhanesi’nin Ukrayna Ortodoks Kilisesi-Kiev Patrikhanesi’nin bağımsızlık talebini tanıdığını açıklaması genelde tüm Ortodoks dünya özelde ise Rus ve Ukrayna kiliseleri için yeni bir tarihi dönemece işaret etmektedir. Bu makalenin odak noktası bugünkü Ukrayna’daki kiliseler meselesinin tarihi arka planını ortaya koymak ve Ortodoksluk içindeki bugünkü ayrışmaların siyasi ve kimliksel kökenlerini anlamaktır. Bu makalede Rus Ortodoksluğu ve Polonya Katolikliğinin geçirdiği tarihi serüven içerisinde Ukrayna kimliğinin gelişimi irdelenmekte ve yaşanan tarihi kırılma noktalarının ışığında, Kiev, Moskova, Roma ve İstanbul arasındaki dini/kültürel fay hattında yer alan Ukrayna’daki kiliseler, aralarındaki tarihi ve kimliksel ayrışmalar etrafında analiz edilmektedir.

THE ROOTS OF UKRANIAN CHURCH QUESTION BETWEEN ROME, ISTANBUL AND MOSCOW

Great Schism which took place by the reciprocal excommunication of Catholic and Orthodox churches in 1054 came to the fore in Central and Eastern Europe with the dissolution of communist regimes. This process which is accelerated with the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014 entered into a new phase. The debates on the churches in 2018 and 2019 are revolving around latest political dynamism but acceptance of the independence of Ukraine Orthodox Church-Kiev Patriarchate by the Phanar at the end of 2018 represented a historical landmark for Orthodox world in general and the Russian and Ukrainian churches in particular. The focal point of this article to provide historical background of Ukrainian Church question and to understand the root causes of current divisions within Orthodoxy. This article deals with the development of Ukrainian identity along with the historical process of Russian Orthodoxy and Polish Catholicism. Following this, the churches in Ukraine which are located on the religious fault lines between Kiev, Moscow and Istanbul are analysed from the perspective of their historical and identity conflicts.

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