CUMHURİYETTEN PRINCIPATUS’A ROMA DEVLETİNDE İSTİHBARAT FAALİYETLERİ VE İSTİHBARAT BİRİMLERİ: GENEL BİR BAKIŞ (MÖ [C.] 500 – MS 284)

Roma Devleti ordusunun ve idari yapısının gücü sayesinde yüzyıllar boyunca Akdeniz dünyasının en önemli gücü olmayı başardı ve geniş toprakları kontrolü altında tuttu. Tarih sahnesine İtalya’nın ortasında küçük bir kent devleti olarak çıkan, ilerleyen yüzyıllar içindeyse tüm Akdeniz’i hakimiyeti altına alan ve uzun süre bu hakimiyeti korumayı başaran bu büyük devlet, doğal olarak tarih serüveni boyunca hem içeride hem de dışarıda çok çeşitli tehditlere karşı mücadele vermek zorunda kaldı. İstihbarat faaliyetleri de işte tam bu noktada devreye girmektedir. Romalılar, günümüze kalan kaynaklardan anlaşıldığı kadarıyla en erken dönemlerden itibaren devletlerinin iç güvenliğini sağlamak, olası dış tehditlerden haberdar olmak ve savaş zamanlarında düşman ordularının hareketlerini takip etmek gibi ihtiyaçların karşılanması için çok çeşitli yöntem ve uygulamalardan yararlandılar. Bu makale kapsamında Romalıların tarihleri boyunca gerek savaş ve muharebe zamanlarında gerekse barış zamanlarında iç denetimi sağlamaya ve dış tehditleri etkisizleştirmeye yönelik istihbarat toplama ihtiyacını hangi yöntemlere başvurarak çözdüklerini seçtiğimiz vakalar ışığında ortaya koymaya çalışacağız.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Roma Ordusu, İstihbarat Faaliyetleri, İstihbarat Birimleri, Frumentarii, exploratores, speculatores

Some Thoughts on LÚAPIN.LÁ in Hittite Texts

After the Neolithic period, mankind added agriculture to its food life that started with hunting and gathering. Agriculture having developed over time, became the main source of livelihood of many societies. Societies having experience on agricultural activities opened the way to the emergence and development of an economic model based on food production. This new economic model happened to be the main factor instilling the concept of settled life into societies. The Hittite country, which was a great political power in the 2nd millennium BC Anatolia, gave great importance to agriculture like other societies. In the Hittite texts, farmers who had carried out the plowing and plantation were mentioned as the LÚAPIN.LÁ within Sumerogram. The first duty of the farmers, who ensured the cultivation of the lands of Hittite’s Anatolia, was to present their products to the gods on time before the other people. The farmers who were warned about this issue and otherwise who were to be punished, were evaluated within the framework of the phenomenon of "finishing the job", unlike other fugitives in the political treaty texts. From the documents, we learn that the farmers who also seemed to be in charge of granaries would be punished if they told lie during the cultivation and delivery of the product. In addition to their agricultural activities, the farmers who had sometimes performed the supplication and preservation of animals became one of the most important components of the Hittite economy with their different duties and functions.

Keywords:

Hittite, farmer, LÚAPIN.LÁ, economy, cuneiform,

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