ZEUGMA LEJYON YERLEŞKESİ: YENİ ARAŞTIRMALAR, SONUÇLAR VE ÖN DEĞERLENDİRMELER

Makale'de Zeugma'da (FÖrat Seleukeia'sÖ) 2008 ile 2014 yÖllarÖ arasÖnda kent sÖnÖrlarÖ içinde ve dÖûÖnda gerçekleûtirilen arkeolojik yüzey araûtÖrmalarÖ ve jeofizik ölçümlerinin verileri deİerlendirilmiû ve bu verilere dayanarak kent surlarÖ ve Zeugma'daki Roma Lejyon yerleûkesinin yeri ve niteliİi konusunda yeni deİerlendirmeler ve öneriler ortaya konmuûtur. Arkeolojik ve jeofizik verilerden yola çÖkarak Zeugma'da At MeydanÖ olarak adlandÖrÖlan alan ve batÖda Bahçedere, doİuda BelkÖs Tepe, güneyde ise BelkÖs Tepe'den batÖya doİru inen sÖrt yükseltisinin sÖnÖrladÖİÖ nispeten düz arazinin Roma ùmparatorluk Dönemi'nde surlarla çevrilmiû bir yerleûim dokusuna sahip olduİu söylenebilmektedir. Bu alan, baûta Pannonia'dan olmak üzere Moesia, Danube'den birçok lejyon, vexillatio ve auxilia'nÖn (özellikle Pannonia'dan cohors milliaria Maurorum) Zeugma'da MS 2. yy baûlarÖndan MS 3.yy ortalarÖna kadar konuûlandÖİÖ bir yerleûke niteliİindedir. Deİinilen lejyonlarÖn bölge genelinde sürdürdükleri imar faaliyetlerinin kapsamÖ da düûünüldüİünde, bu büyük organizasyonlarÖn yönetildiİi bir merkez olarak kullanÖlan Zeugma'daki bu alan, bilinen garnizon planlarÖndan daha farklÖ bir kent yerleûkesine yakÖn bir niteliİe sahip görünmektedir. MS 66/67 yÖllarÖ civarÖnda kentte artÖk daimî olarak yerleûen legio IIII Scythica'nÖn Hellenistik Kent surlarÖ dÖûÖnda kalan bu bölgede önce konvansiyonel tarzda bir lejyon yerleûkesi kurduİunu, ancak daha sonra, güneye doİru geniûlemesi müsait bu alanda, gelen yardÖmcÖ lejyonlarla birlikte yerleûkeyi kale görünümünden, askeri Roma koloni (colonia) niteliİinde bir kentsel yerleûkeye dönüûtürmüû olabileceİini eldeki veriler ÖûÖİÖ altÖnda önerebiliyoruz. Bu kentsel askeri yerleûke, BelkÖs Tepe'nin batÖsÖ ve Karatepe'nin güneyinde kalan ve yeni tespit edilen Roma Dönemi surlarÖnÖn çevrelediİi alan içinde geliûmiûti. At MeydanÖ lejyon yerleûkesinde yapÖlan test sondajlarÖnÖn hiçbirinde bir saldÖrÖ veya tahribata dayalÖ bir yangÖn tabakasÖna rastlanmamÖû olmasÖ, çevresi oldukça saİlam tahkimatla çevrili olduİu anlaûÖlan askeri bu yerleûkenin MS 252 / 253 yÖlÖndaki Sasani saldÖrÖsÖnÖn neden olduİu tahribattan etkilenmemiû olduİunu düûündürmektedir. Büyük olasÖlÖkla Sasani kuûatmasÖ sÖrasÖnda kent yaûayanlarÖnÖn büyük bir kesimi eski kent merkezini terk ederek, daha tahkimli ve savunma gücü yüksek olan bu askeri yerleûke alanÖna sÖİÖnmÖû olmalÖydÖlar. YapÖlan araûtÖrmalar bu askeri karakterdeki yerleûke alanÖ ve alan içindeki bazÖ mimari yapÖlar hakkÖnda da önemli sonuçlarÖ ve teorileri beraberinde getirmektedir. YapÖlan jeofizik ölçüm ve sonuçlarÖ daha önceden tiyatro olarak düûünülen yapÖnÖn, bir amphitheatron yapÖsÖ da olabileceİini ortaya koymuûtur. Ancak ileride bu yapÖda devam edecek kapsamlÖ bir kazÖ bu öngörüyü arkeolojik olarak kontrol etmemize olanak verecektir. ÇalÖûmanÖn ilginç sonuçlarÖndan bir diİeri ise At MeydanÖ olarak adlandÖrÖlan alanda daha önceden stadion olarak yorumlamÖû olduİumuz oluûumun, süvari eİitimi ve tören-geçit alanÖ için kullanÖlan bir campus yapÖsÖ olabileceİidir. AyrÖca jeofizik ölçümlerde At MeydanÖ'nÖn güneyinde sur içinde bir teras üzerinde görülen eliptik dairesel anomali büyük olasÖlÖkla askeri eİitim arenasÖ olarak kullanÖlmÖû ufak boyutta bir amphitheatron'a ait olmalÖdÖr. 2015 yÖlÖnda askeri lejyon yerleûkesi içinde yüzeyden ele geçmiû ve bir mimariye baİlÖ olarak kullanÖlmÖû olduİu anlaûÖlan bir Mithras kabartmasÖ, bu bölgede bir mithraeum'un varlÖİÖnÖ da iûaret eden son derece önemli bir buluntudur. YapÖlan araûtÖrma verilerin bütününe baktÖİÖmÖzda, At MeydanÖ ve güneyindeki geniû düz arazinin, legio IIII Scythica'nÖn konuûlandÖİÖ askeri kentsel yerleûkeye ait olabileceİi söylenebilmektedir. Yerleûme modeli olarak en yakÖn paralelliİi Dura-Europos ile kurmak mümkün görülmektedir. MS 165 yÖlÖnda Zeugma'dan Dura-Europos'a geçen legio IIII Scythica askerlerinin orada da Zeugma'daki askeri yerleûkeye benzer bir uygulama yaptÖİÖ ve askeri yerleûkeyi mevcut kent ile entegrasyonunu saİlayacak ûekilde düzenlemiû ve geliûtirmiû olabileceİini önerebiliyoruz

THE MILITARY INSTALLATION AT ZEUGMA: RECENT INVESTIGATIONS, RESULTS AND PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT

This paper deals with the preliminary results of the archaeological surveys and geophysical prospections carried out in city of Zeugma between 2008—2014, in order to assess the urban expansion and the physical borders of the city, as well as its association with the military installation. The main goal of this research was to investigate the location of the military installation and its characteristics, about which new theories are being proposed based on the latest results. Contrary to previous assumptions, the results of the recent research indicate that the relatively large flat area to the west of Belkıs Tepe was sur— rounded by Roman city walls, enclosing the so—called At Meydanı and most of the flat terraces overlook— ing Bahçedere which determines the western boundary of the city. The southern margin of this large area, on other hand, seems to be bordered by noticeable ridge which appears to overlap with the city walls ascending to Belkis Tepe. The geophysical results and the archaeological data suggest that this extensively fortified area was urbanised and settled by Latin speaking, westernized, civic and military inhabitants affil— iated to military units, including zıexz'llalz'o and [mm'/ia (especially mbar; mil/img Mauromm) which primarily came from Pannonia, Moesia and Danube from the beginning of the 2St century onwards, through the middle of the 3rd century AD. It is likely that the soldiers of the 15ga HH Sgr/yim who were based at Zeugma around c.66 67 AD built their conventional type of garrison installation outside of the Hellenistic city but not far from the western Hellenistic city walls of Seleucia. After the supplementation of the Roman military presence in the region in the 2nd and 3rd centuries with auxiliary legions, however, the area of the garrison appears to have expanded to the south, gaining an urban character and transforming this western expansion into Roman military colony (co/omit). This military urban installation developed in the fortified area of the Roman period, located to the west of Belkıs Tepe and to the south of Karatepe. The fact that the test trenches and soundings carried out in this large military quarter hitherto had not exposed any burned layer of destruction suggested that this well—fortified zone was not destroyed during the Sasanian sack of the city in 252/253 AD. Considering this, it seems plausible that the civil inhabitants who had evacuated their dwellings in the old city centre might have taken refuge in this fortified military urban installation during the siege. Recent investigations have also brought some new results and theories con— cerning this military urban fabric and its architectural armatures. Results of the geophysical prospection indicated that the so—called theatre building might in fact be an amphitheatre, which is yet to be tested archaeologically with excavation. One of the important results of the investigation concerns the rectilinea terrain feature in At Meydanı, which was tentatively identified as stadium in our previous field surveys. Recent evaluation, however suggests that the structure might be associated with caı/”pm, where military equestrian parade would have taken place. On the other hand, an elliptical/ round anomaly exposed in geophysical prospection on one of the terraces overlooking Bahçedere in the south—western sector of the military expansion, is probably associated with small awp/yifbmfmn for military trainings. An important stray find of marble Mithras relief that was found in 2015 near At Meydanı seems to be associated with an architectural structure and strongly suggests the presence of wil/yrdm”! in this military urban expan sion. Overall, archaeological and geophysical data collected during these surveys indicate that the fortified western expansion of the city was the venue of the military installation which developed in an urban fabric. This installation model has its parallel in Dura—Europos, where the military quarter was largely built by the soldiers of legz'o HH Sql/yim after 165 AD. It seems likely that the soldiers of this legion were involved in designing and improving their new military quarter at Dura—Europos as in Zeugma, enabling in both cases more integration with the civic life of the city.

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