Gözde KIRLI ÖZER, Arzu ÇAHANTİMUR, Selçuk KIRLI

Aidiyet Duygusu Kentlerin Algılanmasında Etkili Etkenlerden Birisi Midir? Bir Pilot Çalışma

Amaç: Kişinin kimlik tanımlaması kendisi ile önemli diğer kişiler arasında ayrımlar yapabilmesi ile gelişir ve bu ayrımlar kendisine ait saydığı nesneler, bazı alanlar ve yerleri de kapsar. Dolayısıyla yer kimliği kendilik tanımlamasının bir alt yapısıdır ve büyük ölçüde kişinin yaşadığı fiziksel dünya hakkında algıladıklarından ibarettir. Bu anlamda aidiyet psikoloji, psikiyatri ve mimarlık bilimlerinin ortak bir alanı olarak düşünülebilir. Bu çalışma, insan-mekan ilişkisinin seçim sürecine ve davranışa yansımalarını, kişilerin çevreye yönelik algılarını, algıları belirleyen etkenleri ve algılarda ortaya çıkan değişiklikler ve/veya bozulmaların insanların psikolojisini nasıl etkilediğini, bu etkilerin psikiyatrik bozukluklar açısından önemini ve koruyucu uygulamaların neler olabileceğini saptamak arayışıyla yapılacak çok disiplinli bir araştırmalar dizisinin pilot çalışmalarından ilki olarak planlanmıştır. Yöntem: Aidiyet duygusunun bir şehrin algılanmasında etkili olup olmadığını ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılan bu araştırmada Kentin günümüzdeki algısını ölçmek için Bursa’da oturan, ancak İznik’i hiç görmemiş orta öğretim ve üniversite öğrencileri ile bir alan çalışması yapılmıştır. İki öğrenci grubuyla birer günlük gezide İznik kenti belli bir güzergâh üzerinden yürüyerek gezilmiştir. Gezinin sonunda öğrencilerden şehri algılamalarıyla ilgili zihinsel (bilişsel) haritalar elde edilmiş ve ardından 12 maddeli Genel Aidiyet Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Haritalar üzerine çizilmiş yapılar ve diğer sembolik değerli öğeler Osmanlı ve Roma/Bizans dönemi yapıları olarak gruplandırılıp deneklerin baskın tercihleri saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Bu tercihlerin yüksek ve düşük aidiyet hisseden öğrenci grupları açısından özelliklerinin karşılaştırılmasıyla aidiyet duygusunun şehrin algılanmasında önemli bir etken olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. (Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2020; 21(3):285-291)

A Pilot Study: is Belonging One of the Effective Factors for Perception of Cities?

Objective: The identification of the person develops when he/she can distinguish between himself/herself and other relevant persons, and it includes objects, some areas and places that he/she considers his/her own. Thus, place identity is a substructure of self-definition and consists mostly of what one perceives about the physical world in which she lives. In this sense, belonging can be considered as a common field of study psychology, psychiatry and architecture. This study is planned as the first pilot study of a multidisciplinary research series to determine; reflections of the human-place relationship on the selection process and behavior, the perceptions of people about the homeworlds and how changes and/or distortions in perceptions affect people's psychology, and the importance of these effects in terms of psychiatric disorders and what preventive/preventive practices may be. Methods: In order to determine whether the sense of belonging is effective in the perception of a city or not, to measure the current perception of the city, a field study was conducted with the secondary school and undergraduate students who lived in Bursa but had never seen the İznik before. On a day trip with two groups of students, the city of Iznik was visited by foot on a specific route. At the end of the trip, mental (cognitive) maps were obtained from students about their perception of the city, and then a 12-item General Belonging Scale was applied. Afterwards, the structures which were drawn on the maps and other symbolic elements were grouped as Ottoman, and Roman/Byzantine structures and the dominant preferences were determined for each subject. Conclusion: By comparing the characteristics of these preferences in terms of high and low belonging students' groups, it is concluded that belongingness is an essential factor in the perception of the city. (Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2020; 21(3):285-291)

PDF

___

Maslow A. Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper, 1954.
Anna SS. The need to belong. Can Ment Health 1966; 14:21-27.
Hagerty BM, Lynch-Sauer J, Patusky KL, Bouwsema M, Collier P. Sense of belonging: A Vital mental health concept. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 1992; 6:172-177.
Davis NY. Belonging and politics of belonging. Patterns Prejudice 2006; 40(Suppl.3):197-214.
Bell V. Performativity and belonging: an introduction. Theory Cult Soc 1999; 16(Suppl.2):1-10.
Crowley J. The politics of belonging: some theoretical considerations. A Geddes, A Favell (Eds.), The Politics of Belonging: Migrants and Minorities in Contemporary Europe, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009.
Fanning JR, Pietrzak RH. Suicidality among older male veterans in the United States: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1766-1775.
Fiala W, Bjorck J, Gorsuch R. The religious support scale: construction, validation, and cross-validation. Am J Community Psychol 2002; 30:761-786.
Steger MF, Kashdan TB. Depression and everyday social activity, belonging, and well-being. J Couns Psychol 2009; 56:289-300.
Van Orden KA, Cukrowicz KC, Witte TK, TE Joiner Jr. Thwarted belongingness and perceived burden someness: construct validity and psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire. Psychol Assess 2012; 24:197.
Sargent J, Williams RA, Hagerty B, Lynch-Sauer J, Hoyle K. Sense of Belonging as a buffer against depressive symptoms. Am J Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2002; 8:120-129.
Prigerson HG, Frank E, Reynolds CF, George CJ, Kupfer DJ. Protective psychosocial factors in depression among spousally bereaved elders. Am J Geriat Psychiat 1993; 1:296-309.
Fisher LB, Overholser JC, Rideley J, Branden A, Rosoff C. From the outside looking in: sense of belonging depression and suicide risk. Psychiatr 2015; 78;29-41.
Van Orden K, Witte T, Gordon K, Bender T, Joiner TE. Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. J Consult Clin Psych 2008; 76:72-83.
Hagerty BM, Williams RA, Coyne JC, Early, M. Sense of belonging and indicators of social and psychological functioning. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 1996; 10:235-244.
Hagerty BMK, Williams RA. The effects of sense of belonging, social support, conflict, and loneliness on depression. Nurs Res 1999; 48(Suppl.4):215-219.
Wilczyńska A, Januszek M, Bargiel-Matusiewicz K. The need of belonging and sense of belonging versus effectiveness of coping. Pol Psychol Bull 2015; 46(Suppl.1):72-81.
Lambert NM, Stillman TF, Hics JA, Kamble S, Baumeister RF, Fincham FD. To belong is to matter: Sense of belonging enhances meaning of life. Pers Soc Psychol B 2013; 39(Suppl.11):1418-1427.
Proshansky HM, Fabian AK, Kaminoff R. Placeidentity: Psysical world socialization of self. J Environ Psychol 1983; 3:57-83.
Giuliani MV. Theory of attachment and place attachment. M Bonnes, T Lee, M Bonaiuto (Eds.), Psychological Theories for Environmental Issues, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.
Morgan P. Towards a developmental theory of place attachment. J Environ Psychol 2010; 30:11-22.
Bowlby J. A Secure Base. London: Routledge, 1988.
Counted V. Making sense of place attachment: towards a holistic understanding of people-place relationships and experiences. ESP 2018; 8(Suppl.1):7-32.
Meisam Sabz Alizade MS, Karami İ, Eyni M. The analysis of sense of belonging to place and its relation within urban identity in new districts and old districts (sample case: Naderi district of Ardabil, Uchdockan district of Ardabil). Int J Hum Cult Stud 2016; April:201-208.
Batuman B. Identity, monumentality, security. J Archit Educ 2005; 50(Suppl.1):34-45.
Keith M, Pile S. Introduction: Part 1. The politics of place. M Keith, S Pile (Eds.), Place and the Politics of Identity. London: Routledge, 1993.
Öncü A, Weyland P. Space, Culture and Power: New Identities in Globalizing Cities. London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1997.
Leach N. Architecture and Revolution: Contemporary Perspectives on Central and Eastern Europe. London and New York: Routledge, 1999.
Zaborowska MJ. The height of (Architectural) seduction: Reading the changes through Stalin’s Palace in Warsaw, Poland. J Archid Educ 2001; 54(Suppl.4):205-217.
Kitchin RM. Cognitive maps: What are they and why study them? J Environ Psychol 1994; 14:1-19.
Golledge RG, Stimson RJ. Spatial Behavior: A Geographic Perspective. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997.
Gould P, White R. Mental Maps. Second ed., London: Penguin Books, 2002.
Raby J. A seventh century description of İznikNicaea. İstanbuler Mitteilungen 1976; 26:149-188.
Ak M. Mehmed Aşık, Menazırü’l Avalim. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 1997.
Lubenau R. Reinhold Lubenau Seyahatnamesi, Osmanlı Ülkesinde 1587-1589. T Noyan (Çev.),İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2016.
Malone GP, Pillow DR, Osman A. The General Belongingness Scale (GBS): assessing achieved belongingness. Pers Indiv Differ 2012; 52:311-316.
Duru E. Genel Aidiyet Ölçeğinin Psikometrik özellikleri: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Turk Psikol Dan Rehb Derg 2015; (Suppl.44):37-47.