SU HAKKI BAĞLAMINDA SINIRAŞAN SULAR: EKOLOJİK BİR BAKIŞ

Su, yalnızca insanlar için değil doğadaki tüm canlılar ve ekosistemlerin sürekliliği için de yaşamsal bir kaynaktır. 21. yüzyılda ekonomik, politik, sosyal, insani ve ekolojik krizler derinleşirken su da tartışmalı bir konu haline gelmiştir. Çoktaraflı yapısı, çok-boyutlu sorunları ve olanakları ile sınıraşan sular bu çalışmanın odağında yer almaktadır. Çalışmanın temel amacı sınıraşan su havzalarında işbirliğini geliştirmek için oluşturamayacağını tartışmaktır. Bu bağlamda su hakkı yalnızca insan haklarının bir parçası olarak değil, genişletilmiş anlamıyla bir ekolojik hak olarak da değerlendirilecektir. Bu çalışma örnek olay incelemelerinden çok teorik tartışmalara odaklanmaktadır; böylece sınıraşan sularla ilgili olarak suların yasal statüsünde değişiklik yapmanın ve suyu insanlığın ortak mirası olarak kabul etmenin etkin bir ekolojik yapı oluşturmak için gerekli adil ve eşitlikçi işbirliğine yönelik etkili bir adım olacağı iddia edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda öncelikle su hakkı ve içeriği irdelenecektir; ardından sınıraşan sularla ilgili çatışma ve işbirliğine yönelik yaklaşımlar değerlendirilecektir. Sınıraşan sularla ilgili iki uluslararası sözleşme - Sınıraşan Suyolları ve Göllerin Korunması ve Kullanımı Sözleşmesi ile Uluslararası Suyollarının Ulaşım-dışı Amaçlarla Kullanımı Sözleşmesisınıraşan sular için ekolojik bir bakış açısı oluşturmaya yönelik sağlam bir taban oluşturuyor mu anlamak üzere incelenecektir. Bunun yanında suyla ve özellikle sınıraşan sularla ilgili olarak insanlığın ortak mirası statüsünün, yalnızca kıyıdaş ülkeler arasındaki işbirliğini geliştirmek için değil, aynı zamanda sonraki nesillerin ve dünyayı paylaştığımız diğer türlerin de haklarını korumak için su hakkı tartışmasının ayrılmaz bir parçası olması gerektiği savunulmaktadır. Öte yandan suyun insanlığın ortak mirası statüsünde düzenlenmesi, ekolojik bozulmayı engellemeye yönelik yaptırım mekanizmalarının geliştirilmesi için de etkili bir adım olabilecektir.

TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS IN THE CONTEXT OF RIGHT TO WATER: AN ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Water is a vital resource for not only human being, but also all living things in nature and for the sustainability of ecosystems. Water has become a challenging issue in 21stcentury, while economic, political, social, humanitarian and ecological crises has been deepening. Transboundary waters with their multilateral and multidimensional problems and opportunities are at the focus of this study. The main aim is to discuss whether right to water can be an appropriate framework in order to improve cooperation in transboundary water basins. In this context, the right to water is assessed not only as a part of human rights but also with its broadening meaning as an ecological right. This study focuses on theoretical discussions rather than case studies; hence related to transboundary waters it is also arguing that to change legal status of waters and to adopt water as a part of common heritage of humankind would be an influential step towards a fair and equitable cooperation for establishing an effective ecological structure. In this context, first the right to water and its content will be treated; then conflict and cooperative approaches related to transboundary waters will be assessed. The two international conventions related to transboundary waters - Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, and Convention on Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses- will be examined in order to understand if they might be able to set a substantial base to improve an ecological perspective for transboundary waters. Furthermore it is defended that the status of common heritage of humankind concerning water and especially transboundary waters should be an essential part of discussion of the right to water in order not only to improve cooperation between riparian countries but also to protect the rights of next generations and other species that we share the Earth as well. Water as common heritage of humankind might be an effective step to develop sanction mechanisms against ecological degradation.

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