ONUNCU YILININ ARDINDAN “KORUMA SORUMLULUĞU”NUN KAVRAMSAL GELİŞİMİNE FEMİNİST BİR ELEŞTİRİ

Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) çatısı altında ilk on yılını dolduran koruma sorumluluğu normunun mevcut haliyle devletlerin pratiğini değiştirecek kapasiteye henüz ulaşmadığı önermesinden yola çıkarak bu makalede koruma sorumluluğunun içeriği ve kapsamı feminist bir perspektiften eleştirilmekte ve üzerinde çalışılması gereken konular irdelenmektedir. Toplumsal cinsiyet yönünden koruma sorumluluğu “Kadınlar, Barış ve Güvenlik” (Women, Peace and Security) akademisyenleri ve pratisyenlerince insani müdahale doktrinine yakınlığı nedeniyle çekinceyle yaklaşılan bir norm olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle, ilk bölümde insani müdahaleden koruma sorumluluğuna olan normatif dönüşüm ele alınacak ve iki kavram arasındaki temel farklılıklar irdelenecektir. İkinci bölümde, mevcut literatürde koruma sorumluluğu normuna dair feminist eleştirilerin temel noktaları irdelenecektir. Üçüncü bölümde ise militarist bir anlayıştan korumacı ve önleyici bir anlayışa yönelinmiş olmasına karşın koruma sorumluluğu normunda toplumsal cinsiyet odaklı bir dönüşümün yetersiz kaldığı,koruma sorumluluğu üzerine mevcut raporların feminist perspektiften içerik analizi yapılarak, BM Güvenlik Konseyi’nin 1325 sayılı kararında vurgulanan anlayışla kıyaslanarak ortaya konacaktır. Son olarak ikinci on yılına giren koruma sorumluluğunun normatif gelişimi için hangi konular çerçevesinde çalışmaların yapılabileceği feminist eleştiriler ışığında tartışılacaktır.

A FEMINIST CRITIQUE OF THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT AFTER THE NORM’S FIRST DECADE

The responsibility to protect (R2P) norm was adopted under the auspices of the United Nations (UN) twelve years ago. Based on the assumption that R2P has not yet achieved the capacity to change states’ practice, in this article, the content and scope of R2P are analysed on grounds of feminist critiques of the norm, and issues for potential normative development are assessed. From a gender perspective, it is known that “Women, Peace and Security” scholars and practitioners approach R2P with caution because of its close relation to the humanitarian intervention doctrine. Accordingly, in the first section, the normative transformation from a right to intervene into a responsibility to protect will be analysed in order to highlight the core differences. Following this, core points of feminist critiques of R2P in the current literature will be reviewed. In the third section, through a content analysis of the R2P specific reports vis-à-vis the understanding put forth in the UN Security Council Resolution 1325, it will be argued that R2P is not yet a sufficiently gender-aware approach, although it reflects the transformation from a militarist understanding towards a protective and preventive one. In light of feminist critiques, the penultimate section of the article discusses what else is needed for further normative evolution of R2P.

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