İRAN’DA DEVLET, SERMAYE VE SINIFLAR: NÜKLEER PROGRAMA YÖNELİK YAPTIRIMLARIN ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Bu makalenin amacı İran nükleer programına yönelik tek ve çok taraflı uluslararası yaptırımların İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde devlet, sermaye ve sınıflar üzerindeki etkilerini tahlil etmektir. Makale yaptırımların literatürde sıklıkla ele alınan jeopolitik boyutu veya devlet davranışı üzerindeki etkisi yerine bu politikaların toplumsal boyutunu tartışacaktır. Tarihsel Sosyoloji’nin vurguladığı uluslararası alanın iç alanı kurucu niteliğinden hareketle yaptırımların devlet-toplum kompleksinde neden olduğu yapısal dönüşümlere odaklanacaktır. Çalışma öncelikle İran’da devlet, sermaye ve sınıflar arasındaki ilişkilerin devrim sonrasında şekillenen temel dinamiklerini inceledikten sonra sırasıyla 2006-2016 arası ve 2018 sonrası dönemde nükleer programa yönelik yaptırımların ekonomik ve toplumsal sonuçlarını, devlet arenasında güçlendirdiği kurum ve şahısları ve iç siyasetteki söylem ve meşruiyet inşasına tesirini değerlendirecektir. Bu bağlamda makale yaptırımların İran’da arkaik yapıları ve ahbap-çavuş kapitalizmini beslediğini; Devrim Muhafızları’nın yükselen ekonomik gücü ve kontrolü ile devletin militarizasyonunu, güvenlik aktörlerini ve zihniyetini güçlendirdiğini; ülkede orta sınıf ile işçi sınıfını yoksullaştırırken, devlete güdümlü yeni zenginler yarattığını tespit etmektedir. İran’da devlet uluslararası ekonomik baskılar neticesinde bir yandan devrim sonrası direniş söylemini ekonomide de üreterek yoksullaşan sınıflar nezdinde meşruiyetini korumaya çalışırken, neoliberalleşmenin açmazları ve yaptırımlar devleti rızadan çok zora yaslanan bir siyasete sevk etmektedir. Makalede yaptırımların sosyal ve jeopolitik boyutları arasındaki ilişkiye de değinilecek ve yaptırımların yarattığı sosyal dönüşümün jeopolitik boyutu belirleyecek patikaları, aktör ve yapıları inşa ettiği vurgulanacaktır.

STATE, CAPITAL AND CLASSES IN IRAN: AN APPRAISAL OF THE IMPACT OF NUCLEAR SANCTIONS

This article aims to probe the impact of nuclear sanctions upon state, capital and social classes in the Islamic Republic of Iran. It will reflect on the social dimensions of sanctions instead of the much discussed geopolitics of sanctions, which evaluate the impact of these punitive measures mainly through change or continuity in state behavior. Building on Historical Sociology’s theme of the constitution of the domestic by the international, this study will focus on the structural transformation of state-society complex through sanctions. Once elaborating on the major dynamics of state and capitalism in post-revolutionary Iran, the article will analyze the 2006-2016 period and the post-2018 era. It will discuss the economic and social repercussions of sanctions, state institutions and political factions being empowered by these policies and the impact of sanctions on the emerging discourses and search for legitimacy in domestic politics. The article finds out that nuclear sanctions fostered crony capitalism in Iran, led to militarization of state and strengthening of security actors with the rising economic might of the Revolutionary Guards. Besides, sanctions resulted in shrinking and deprivation of middle class and workers, whilst culminating in the growth of Iran’s nouveau riches. Meanwhile, the state has reproduced the post-revolutionary discourse of resistance for the economy as well in an effort to protect its legitimacy in the eyes of the deprived classes. Yet, it also relied more on coercion than consent to rule over socio-economic grievances. The article will also discuss the interaction between social and geopolitical dimensions of sanctions and stress that the geopolitics of sanctions will be determined by the social dimensions of these policies, which have resulted in restructuring of paths, actors and structures.

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