CİNSİYETÇİ MİLLİYETÇİLİK VE SAVAŞLARDA CİNSEL ŞİDDETİN KULLANIMI: BOSNA ÖRNEĞİ

Bu makalede, toplumsal cinsiyet kimliğinin etnik çatışmalar bağlamında inşa süreci tartışmaya açılmış ve Bosna Savaşı’nda yaşanan cinsel saldırılar örnek olay olarak belirlenmiştir. Feminizm, kadınların eril düşünce ve davranış biçimleri aracılığıyla baskı altına alınmasını toplumsal, politik, ideolojik ve uluslararası boyutlarıyla tartışmakta ve dünya sahnesindeki savaş, milliyetçilik, militarizm, dış politika gibi olguları iktidar ilişkileri çerçevesinde değerlendirmektedir. Bu olguların devlet-merkezli bir bakış açısıyla incelenmesi, bireye/gruba yönelen şiddet olaylarının gerek ideolojik gerekse sosyolojik boyutlarını görünmez kılmakta, savaşlarda yaşanan tecavüzlerin arka planında yatan motivasyonların ve söylemlerin ortaya çıkarılmasını zorlaştırmaktadır.Bosna Savaşı’nın feminist bir değerlendirmesi, devlet-merkezli milliyetçiliğin toplumsal cinsiyet kimlikleri boyunca ürettiği iktidar ilişkilerini açığa çıkarması bakımından oldukça önemlidir. Nitekim Bosna Savaşı’nda da görüldüğü gibi, milliyetçi söylemle cinsiyetçi söylem iç içe geçmiş, bir anlamda kitlesel tecavüzlerle etnik temizlik hedeflenmiştir.Bu makalede, Bosna’daki kitlesel tecavüzlerin sadece bireye yönelmiş fiziksel şiddet hadisesi olarak değerlendirilemeyeceği, aksine saldırıya uğrayan bireylerin bedeni üzerinden toplumun bütün olarak yeniden üretiminin hedef alındığı ve milliyetçi uygulamaların var olan toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğini derinleştirdiği savunulmaktadır. Ayrıca milliyetçilikle toplumsal cinsiyet arasındaki bağın, çatışmalar sırasında politik bir araç ve savaş taktiği olarak kullanılan tecavüz aracılığıyla yeniden kurulduğu ve güçlendirildiği ileri sürülmektedir.

In this article, the construction process of gendered identity within the context of ethnic conflicts is discussed, and sexual violence during the Bosnian War is analyzed as a case study. Feminism discusses women’s control and repression by masculine thought and practices through social, political,

In this article, the construction process of gendered identity within the context of ethnic conflicts is discussed, and sexual violence during the Bosnian War is analyzed as a case study. Feminism discusses women’s control and repression by masculine thought and practices through social, political, ideological and international dimensions, and studies the facts such as war, nationalism, militarism and foreign policy within the framework of power relations. A state-centric analysis of these facts overshadows the ideological and sociological dimensions of the acts of violence toward individuals/groups and makes it difficult to find out the motivations and discourses behind the rapes during the wars.A feminist examination of the Bosnian War is important in terms of revealing how state-centric nationalism produces power relations through gendered identities. As seen in the Bosnian War, the nationalist discourse has been intertwined with gendered discourse, eventually aiming at ethnic cleansing through mass rapes. It is argued that the mass rapes in Bosnia cannot be regarded merely as individual cases since they target the reproduction of society as a whole, and nationalist practices further deepened the existing gender inequality. Also, the link between nationalism and gender was reinstated and emboldened through rapes which were used as a political instrument and tactic of war.

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