US Public Diplomacy in the Modern Era: A Review of Battles to Bridges
Anahtar Kelimeler:
-
US Public Diplomacy in the Modern Era: A Review of Battles to Bridges
Chapter 1, America’s Communication Problem, opens with the now-forgotten outpouring of support the US received right after the 9/11 attacks and then traces the political events that gave rise to the decline of this worldwide support. Zaharna first depicts the general atmosphere of the critical period and provides compelling and comprehensive details of the political moves as follows. Most of the world, including all Middle East countries, from Jordan to Indonesia, all the Arab and Islamic world, Africa, Asia, Europe and Australia showed their verbal and symbolic support following the attacks, and more than 100 countries vowed to grant military, political, economic and legal cooperation to America in a true international war on terrorism, which started in Afghanistan on October 7, 2001 against al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. As America’s diplomatic campaign for a full-fledged attack in Afghanistan became more aggressive and the rhetoric began to switch from “terrorism” to “radical Islam,” concerns grew in the Islamic Arab world, and anti-American demonstrations from Pakistan to Indonesia started under the unifying banner of Islam. Reactions spread throughout the international community after the 2002 declaration of the expansion of war against terrorism to comprise the Arab Gulf region and with the growth of US public diplomacy rhetoric such as the “axis of evil”, “you are either with us or with the terrorists,” and wanting Osama bin Laden “dead or alive.” Such moves strengthened stereotypes of America as being
Keywords:
-,
___
- Acosta, Jim, and Kevin Liptak. “Obama Proclaims: “We Are Not at War with Islam.” CNN, February 19, 2015. http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/18/politics/obama-speech-extremism-terror-summit/.
- Ahmed, Akbar. Thistle and the Drone : How America’s War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam. Washington, DC, USA: Brookings Institution Press, 2013.
- Anholt, Simon. “Soft Power: An Evolving Challenge.” Paper presented at the Wilton Park Conference on Soft Power in Action, London, February, 3-5, 2014.
- Blommaert, J. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. United Kingdom: Cambridge, 2011.
- Botan, Carl. “Grand Strategy, Strategy, and Tactics in Public Relations.”In Public Relations Theory II, edited by C. Botan and V. Hazelton, 223-47. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum, 2006.
- Buruma, I., and A. Margalit. Occidentalism: A Short History of Anti-Westernism. London: Atlantic Books, 2004.
- Diamond, Jeremy. “Rudy Giuliani: Obama Doesn’t Love America.” CNN, February 19, 2015. http://edition.cnn. com/2015/02/19/politics/rudy-giuliani-obama-america-love/.
- Houck, Curtis. “CBS, NBC Barely Touch on Criticism of Obama Refusing to Use the Term Islamic Extremism.” February 18, 2015. http://newsbusters.org/blogs/curtis-houck/2015/02/18/cbs-nbc-barely-touch-criticism- obama-refusing-use-term-islamic.
- Kohut, A., and B. Stokes. America against the World: How We Are Different and Why We Are Disliked. New York: St. Martin’s Griffiny, 2007.
- Lewis, Bernard. What Went Wrong?: The Clash between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East. New York: Perennial, 2003.
- Rivera, Zayda. “Real Time with Bill Maher: Ben Affleck, Sam Harris and Bill Maher Debate Radical Islam.” New York Daily News, October 5, 2014. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/ben-affleck-calls-bill-maher- views-islam-gross-racist-disgusting-article-1.1963961.
- McLuhan, M. The Gutenberg Galaxy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962.
- Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books, 1979.
- Shane, Scott. “Faulted for Avoiding ‘Islamic’ Labels to Describe Terrorism, White House Cites a Strategic Logic.” The New York Times, February 18, 2015.
- Siddiqui, Sabrina. “Barack Obama Regrets Not Closing Guantánamo Bay When First Elected.” The Guardian, March 18, 2015.
- Tau, Byron. “Obama: U.S., West at War with Extremists, Not Muslims.” The Washington Post, February, 18, 2015.
- U.S. Department of State. Report of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy. Cultural Diplomacy: The Linchpin of Public Diplomacy . September, 2005.
- Zaharna, R.S. Battles to Bridges: US Strategic Communication and Public Diplomacy after 9/11. UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
- ISSN: 2146-7757
- Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
- Başlangıç: 2012
- Yayıncı: Dış Politika ve Barış Araştırmaları Merkezi, İhsan Doğramacı Barış Vakfı