Uluslararası Şirketlerin Tanınmayan Ülkelerde Yayılması: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Örneği

Bu makalede uluslararası şirketlerin (UŞ) Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’ndeki (KKTC) varlıkları ve genişlemeleri, ambargolar ve tanınmamışlık bağlamlarında araştırılmıştır. Bu yolla, uluslararası şirketlerin faaliyet alanlarını dünya çapındaki olağan dışı politik durumlar karşısında kullandıkları genişleme mekanizmalarının daha iyi anlaşılması sağlanacaktır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmamızın temel araştırma soruları şu şekildedir: “Tanınmayan bir devlet olan KKTC’de uluslararası şirketlerin var olmasının ve yayılmasının dinamikleri nelerdir?” ve “uluslararası şirketler KKTC pazarında var olma, gelişme, faaliyet gösterme ve sermayelerini genişletme süreçlerini ne şekilde, hangi araçlar ve mekanizmaları kullanarak yürütmektedirler?”. Buna istinaden, uluslararası şirketlerin KKTC’de faaliyet gösterdikleri süre içerisinde kullandıkları yöntemler, araçlar ve işlettikleri süreçlere ek olarak “yasa dışılık” riskine rağmen KKTC’de yatırım yapmalarının arkasındaki dinamikler ve itici güçler bir saha çalışması yürütülerek incelenmiştir. Bu saha çalışması, on üç farklı uluslararası şirketin KKTC’de faaliyet gösteren on üç kuruluşunun temsilcileri olan dokuz adet katılımcıdan oluşan örneklem ile gerçekleştirilen yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine mülakatların ışığında yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın neticesinde elde edilen bulgular uluslararası şirketlerin KKTC’deki yatırımlarını alışılmadık araç ve yöntemler kullanarak genişlettikleri ve bu yolla yasal bir zemine oturttukları gözler önüne serilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kuzey Kıbrıs, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, Sözde-Devletler, Tanınmayan Devletler, Uluslararası Şirketler, Pazara Giriş Stratejileri, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım

Expansion of Multinational Corporations in de-facto States: The Case of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

This article studies the dynamics of the existence and expansion of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in the North Cyprus (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, or the TRNC) within the context of embargoes and non-recognition in the international area. Therefore, we try to offer a better understanding on what mechanisms the MNCs use to expand their operations all over the world against extraordinary political situations. In this regard, the main research questions of this study are: ‘What are the dynamics of the existence and expansion of MNCs in the TRNC as an unrecognized state?’ and ‘How, and by using which tools and mechanisms do the MNCs exist, evolve, operate, and expand their capital in the TRNC market?’ Therefore, the mechanisms, tools, and processes used by the MNCs in their operating processes within the TRNC, and the dynamics and the forces behind investing in the TRNC despite the risks of illegality were investigated by conducting a field study. The field study was conducted through semi-structured in-depth interviews with nine participants who represented thirteen establishments of thirteen different MNCs operating in the TRNC. The findings of this research show that the MNCs use extraordinary tools and mechanisms in order to expand and legalize their investments in the TRNC.

Keywords:

Northern Cyprus, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, de-Facto States, Unrecognized States, Multinational Corporations (MNCs), Market Entry Strategies, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI),

PDF

___

Ajami, R., Cool, K., Goddard, G. J., & Khambata, D. (2006). International Business: Theory and Practice (2nd ed.). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Bozkurt, U. (2014). Turkey: From the ‘Motherland’ to the ‘IMF of Northern Cyprus’? The Cyprus Review, 26(1): 83-105.
Bryant, R. (2015, April 27). The victory of Mustafa Akıncı in Northern Cyprus gives hope to Turkish Cypriots of a better future [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2015/04/27/the-victory-of-mustafa-akinci-in-northern- cyprus-gives-hope-to-turkish-cypriots-of-a-better-future/
Bryant, R., & Hatay, M. (2015). Turkish Perceptions of Cyprus 1948 to the Present. PCC Report 1/2015. Nicosia: Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) Cyprus Centre.
Buzard, K., Graham, B. A., & Horne, B. (2017). Unrecognized states: A theory of self-determination and foreign influence. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 33(3), 578-611.
Caspersen, N. (2012). Unrecognized States: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Modern International System. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Cullen, J. B., & Parboteeah, K. P. (2010). International Business: Strategy and the Multinational Company. New York: Routledge.
Ghauri, P. N., & Cateora, P. R. (2010). Best Practices in International Marketing (3rd ed.). Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Gökçekuş, Ö. (2009). A novel approach in calculating the costs of "economic isolation". NEU Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2), 70-87.
Dunning, J. H. (1993): Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy. Harlow, Essex: Addison-Wesley Publication Company.
Gürsel, M. (2019, June 11). Bir zamanlar Sanayi Holding vardı [Once upon a time, there was a company named Sanayi Holding]. Kıbrıs Gazetesi. Retrieved from https://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/kibris/bir-zamanlar-sanayi-holding-vardi-h68153.html
Hill, C. W., & Hult, G. T. (2018). Global Business Today (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Hoch, T., & Rudincová, K. (2015). Legitimization of statehood in states: A case study of Somaliland. AUC Geographica, 50(1): 37-49.
Hollensen, S. (2007). Global Marketing: A decision-oriented approach (4th ed.). Harlow, England: Prentice Hall Financial Times.
Immovable Property Commission. (2020). Immovable Property Commission. Retrieved June 11, 2019, from http://www.tamk.gov.ct.tr/english/index.html
Kanol, D., & Köprülü, N. (2017). Quality of democracy in unrecognized states: Lessons from Northern Cyprus. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies,17(3), 389-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2017.1279257
Katsioloudes, M. I., & Hadjidakis, S. (2007). International Business: A Global Perspective. Oxford: Elsevier.
Leigh, J., & Vukovic, P. (2011). A geopolitics of Cyprus. Middle East Review of International Affairs (Online), 15(4), 59-70. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/549749e72a734a643fd5ce00fa64b493
Pegg, S. (1998). International society and the de facto state. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
Sözen, A., & Özersay, K. (2007). The Annan Plan: State succession or continuity. Middle Eastern Studies,43(1), 125-141. doi:10.1080/00263200601079773
Theophanous, A., Tirkides, Y., & Pelagidis, T. (2008). An Anatomy of the Economy of the ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’ (TRNC). Journal of Modern Hellenism 25-26. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1931229
The World Bank Data. (2019). GDP per capita (current US$). [Figure 1]. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=2017&locations=Z4-ZJ-ZQ-CN-TH-ID&start=2007&type=points&view=chart
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus State Planning Organization. (2018). Guide For Foreign Investors. Nicosia: Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus State Planning Organization.
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Lefkoşa Büyükelçiliği [Republic of Turkey - Turkish Embassy in Nicosia]. (2018). KKTC Ekonomik Göstergeler Raporu [The TRNC economic indicators report] (pp. 1-29, Rep.) (T. S. Seçerdin, Ed.). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Lefkoşa Büyükelçiliği. Retrieved from http://www.kei.gov.tr/media/1817/11-2018-kktc-ekonomik-goestergeler-raporu.pdf
U.S. Department of State. (2015). Cyprus Investment Climate Statement 2015 (pp. 1-30, Rep.) (G. F. Demetriou, Ed.). United States of America: U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/241743.pdf
U.S. Department of State. (2018). 2018 Investment Climate Statements: Cyprus (G. F. Demetriou, Ed.). United States of America: U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-investment-climate-statements/cyprus/
U.S. Department of State. (2019). 2019 Investment Climate Statements: Cyprus (G. F. Demetriou, Ed.). United States of America: U.S. Department of State. Retrieved from https://public-preview-server.prod.cstreetsandbox.com/reports/2019-investmentclimate-statements/cyprus/
Wadhwa, K., & S, S. R. (2011). Foreign Direct Investment into Developing Asian Countries: The Role of Market Seeking, Resource Seeking and Efficiency Seeking Factors. International Journal of Business and Management,6(11), 219-226. doi:10.5539/ijbm.v6n11p219