HUKUK VE İKTİSAT PERSPEKTİFİNDEN ANAYASA MAHKEMELERİNİN İKTİSADİ ANALİZİ

Öz Anayasa ile teminat altına alınan özel mülkiyet güvenliği ve sözleşme güvenliği, rant kollama ve siyasi yandaşlık gibi nedenlerden dolayı her zaman sağlanamamaktadır. Bu nedenle yasama ve yürütme erklerinin yaptığı ve uyguladığı hukuki normlar anayasa mahkemesinin anayasallık denetimine tabi olmalıdır. Bu denetim bağımsız olduğu ölçüde iktisadi birimlere istikrarlı ve öngörülebilir bir ortam temin etmektedir. Böylece ekonomilerin üretim ve yatırım hacmi artmakta, finans piyasaları genişlemektedir. Ancak anayasa mahkemesinin bağımsızlık derecesi çeşitli etkenlere göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Bunun en önemli nedenleri: mahkemenin, anayasanın siyasi bir metin olmasından dolayı siyasi çıktılar üretmesi, hâkimlerin karar verirken yorum yapabilmeleri, iptal davalarının erkler arası çatışmalara sahne olması ve mahkeme üyelerinin siyasi aktörler tarafından atanmasıdır. Bahsedilen nedenler, hâkimlerin oy davranışlarının stratejik yaklaşım ile açıklanabilmesine olanak tanımaktadır. Literatürde yapılan çeşitli çalışmalar bu sonucu doğrulamakla beraber ülkelerin hukuk sistemlerinin ve kurumsal yapılanmalarının farklı olması, ülkelere özgü analizlerin yapılmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Hukuk ve İktisat disiplini kapsamında, anayasa mahkemelerinin iktisadi analizinin nasıl gerçekleştirildiğini ilgili teoriyi ve ampirik çalışmaları göstererek açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem olarak; disiplinin tarihsel gelişim patikası dikkate alınarak önce teorik ilerlemelerin, devamında ise uygulamalı çalışmaların verilmesi benimsenmektedir. Anayasa mahkemelerinin iktisadi analizi, hem disiplinlerarası bir çalışma yöntemini gerekli kılması, hem de kurumsal yapıların ülkeden ülkeye farklılık göstermesi nedeniyle hala gelişime açık bir çalışma alanı olma özelliği taşımaktadır.

___

Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A. (2001). The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. American Economic Review. 91(5). ss.1369-1401.

Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A. (2005). Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-run Growth. Handbook of Economic Growth 1A. (Ed. Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 385-472.

Aliefendioğlu, Y. (1984). Türk Anayasa Yargısında İptal Davası ve İtiraz Yolu. Anayasa Yargısı Dergisi. 1. ss.101-137. Amaral-Garcia, S., Garoupa, N., Grembi, V. (2009). Judicial Independence and Party Politics in the Kelsenian Constitutional Courts: The Case of Portugal. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 6(2). ss.381-404.

Arlota, Carlota, Garoupa, N. (2014). Addressing Federal Conflicts: An Empirical Analysis of the Brazilian Supreme Court, 1988-2010. Review of Law and Economics. 10. ss.137-168.

Bardhan, P. (2005). Law and Economics in the Topics: Some Reflections. International Review of Law and Economics. 25(1). ss.65-74.

Barton, J. H. (1972). The Economic Basis of Damages for Breach of Contract. Journal of Legal Studies. 1. ss.277–304.

Baye, M. R., Wright, J. (2011). Is Antitrust Too Complicated for Generalist Judges? The Impact of Economic Complexity and Judicial Training on Appeals. The Journal of Law and Economics. 54(1). ss.1-24.

Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach. Journal of Political Economy. 76. ss.169–217.

Bertomeu, J. G., Dalla Pellegrina, L., Garoupa, N. (2016). Estimating Judicial Ideal Points in Latin America: The Case of Argentina. Review of Law and Economics. 13(1). ss.1-35.

Brace, P., Langer, L., Hall, M. G. (2000). Measuring the Preferences of State Supreme Court Judges. The Journal of Politics. 62(2). ss.387-413.

Brennan, T., Epstein, L., Staudt, N. (2009). Economic Trends and Judicial Outcomes: A Macrotheory of the Court. Duke Law Journal. 58(7). ss.1191-1230.

Brenner, S., Spaeth, H.J. (1988). Ideological Position as a Variable in the Authoring of Dissenting Opinions on the Warren and Burger Courts. American Politics Quarterly. 16(3). ss.317–328.

Breton, A., Fraschini, A. (2003). The Independence of the Italian Constitutional Court. Constitutional Political Economy. 14. ss.319-333. Brown, J. P. (1973). Toward an Economic Theory of Liability. Journal of Legal Studies. 2. ss.323–349.

Buchanan, J. M. (1987). Constitutional Economics. The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, Vol. I. (Ed. J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, P. Newman). London: Macmillan: ss.585-588.

Buscaglia, E., Dakolias, M. (1999). Comparative International Study of Court Performance Indicators. Legal and Judicial Reform Series. World Bank Publications and Research on Law and Justice Institutions.

Bussiere, E. (1999). The Supreme Court and the Development of the Welfare State: Judicial Liberalism and the Problem of Welfare Rights. Supreme Court Decision Making: New Institutionalist Approaches. (Ed. C. W. Clayton, H. Gillman). Chicago: University of Chicago Press: ss.155-174.

Butler, E. (2012). Public Choice – A Primer. London: The Institute of Economic Affairs.

Calabresi, G. (1961). Some Thoughts on Risk Distributions and the Law of Torts. The Yale Law Journal. 70(4). ss.499-553.

Calabresi, G. (1970). The Costs of Accidents: A Legal and Economic Analysis. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Carp, R. A., Rowland, C.K. (1983). Policymaking and Politics in the Federal District Courts. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

Choi, S. J., Gulati, G. M., Posner, E. A. (2010). What Do Federal District Judges Want? An Analysis of Publications, Citations, and Reversals. University of Chicago Law School, Law & Economics Working Paper. ss.508.

Christensen, R. K., Szmer, J. (2012). Examining the Efficiency of the U.S. Court of Appeals: Pathologies and Prescriptions. International Review of Law and Economics. 32(1). ss.30-37.

Chu, C. A. 2001. Empirical Analysis of the Federal Circuit’s Claim Construction Trends. Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 16. ss.1075–1080.

Coase, R. H. (1960). The Problem of Social Cost. Journal of Law and Economics. 3. ss.1–44.

Cross, F. B., Donelson, D. (2010). Creating Quality Courts. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 7(3). ss.490-510.

Çetin, T. (2010). Anayasanın Ekonomik Analizi: Bir Oyun Teorisi Yaklaşımı. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 6(11). ss.101-122. Çetin, T. (2016). Kurumsal ve Organizasyonel İktisat Üzerine. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi. 64. ss.10-19.

Dam, K. W. (2006). The Judiciary and Economic Development. John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper. 287. ss.1-40.

Danelski, D. J. (1964). A Supreme Court Justice Is Appointed. New York: Random House.

Danelski, D. J. (1966). Values as Variables in Judicial Decision-Making: Notes Toward a Theory. Vanderbilt Law Review. 19. ss.721-740.

Demsetz, H. (1967). Toward A Theory of Property Rights. American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings. 57. ss.347–359.

Dewatripont, M., Tirole, J. (1999). Advocates. Journal of Political Economy. 107(1). ss.1–39.

Deyneli F. (2012). Analysis of Relationship Between Efficiency of Justice Services and Salaries of Judges with Two-Stage DEA Method. European Journal of Law and Economics. 34. ss.477- 493.

Diamond, P. A. (1974). Single Activity Accidents. Journal of Legal Studies. 3. ss.107–164.

Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. (2003). Courts. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 118(2). ss.453-517.

Drobak, J. N., Nye, J. V. C. (1997). The Frontiers of the New Institutional Economics. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Ducat, C. R., Dudley, R. L. (1987). Dimensions Underlying Economic Policymaking in the Early and Later Burger Courts. Journal of Politics. 49(2). ss.521–539.

Eisenberg, T., Fisher, T., Rosen-Zvi, I. (2013). Group Decision Making on Appellate Panels: Presiding Justice and Opinion Justice Influence in the Israel Supreme Court. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 19. ss.282–296.

Emmert, C. F., Traut, C. A. (1994). The California Supreme Court and the Death Penalty. American Politics Quarterly. 22(1). ss. 41–61.

Epstein, L., Knight, J. (1998). The Choices Justices Make. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Feld, P. L., Voigt, S. (2003). Economic Growth and Judicial Independence: Cross-Country Evidence Using A New Set of Indicators. European Journal of Political Economy. 19. ss.497-527.

Fiorino, N., Padovano, F., Sgarra, G. (2007). The Determinants of Judicia Independence: Evidence from the Italian Constitutional Court (1956-2002). Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics. 163(4). ss.683-705.

Fiorino, N., Gavoille, N., Padovano, F. (2015). Rewarding Judicial Independence: Evidence from the Italian Constitutional Court. International Review of Law and Economics. 43. ss.56-66.

Franck, R. (2009). Judicial Independence Under a Divided Polity: A Study of the Ruling of the French Constitutional Court, 1959-2006. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization. 25(1). ss.262-284.

Furubotn, E., Pejovich, S. (1972). Property Rights and Economic Theory: Survey of Recent Literature. Journal of Economic Literature. 10. ss.1137-1162.

Furubotn, E., Pejovich, S. (1974). The Economics of Property Rights. Cambridge: Ballinger.

Garoupa, N., Ginsburg, T. (2011). Building Reputation in Constiutional Courts: Party and Judicial Politics. Illinois Law, Behavior and Social Science Research Paper Series. 11-15. ss.1-37.

Garoupa, N., Gomez-Pomar, F., Grembi,, V. (2013). Judging under Political Pressure: An Empirical Analysis of Constitutional Review Voting in the Spanish Constitutional Court. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization. 29(3). ss.513-534.

Garoupa, N., Grembi, V., Lin, S. C. (2010). Explaining Constitutional Review in New Democracies: The Case of Taiwan. Illinois Law and Economics Research Papers Series. 10-014.

Gelter, M., Grechenig, K. (2014). History of Law and Economics. Preprints of the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods. 5. ss.1-10.

George, T. E., Epstein, L. (1992). On the Nature of Supreme Court Decision Making. American Political Science Review. 86(2). ss.323–337.

Ginsburg, T. (2009). Constitutional Afterlife? The Continuing Impact of Thailand’s Post-political Constitution. International Journal of Constitutional Law. 7. ss.83-105.

Goff, B. 2006. Supreme Court Consensus and Dissent: Estimating the Role of the Selection Screen. Public Choice. 127. ss.367–383.

Gould, J. P. (1973). The Economics of Legal Conflicts. Journal of Legal Studies. 2. ss.279–300.

Gönenç, L. (2010). Yasaların Anayasaya Uygunluğunun Denetimi ve Anayasa Yargısı. Ankara: TEPAV.

Gözler, K. (2009). Anayasa Hukukunun Genel Esaslarına Giriş. 4. bs. Bursa: Ekin Basın Yayın Dağıtım.

Grajzl, V. D., Grajzl, P., Sustersic, J., Zajc, K. (2012). Court Output, Judicial Staffing, and the Demand for Court Services: Evidence from Slovenian Courts of First Instance. International Review of Law and Economics. 32. ss.19-29.

Gravelle, H. (1990). Rationing Trials by Waiting: Welfare Implications. International Review of Law and Economics. 10. ss.255-270.

Gravelle, H. (1995). Regulating the Market for Civil Justice: Reform of Civil Procedure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hadfield, G. (2008). The Levers of Legal Design: Institutional Determinants of the Quality of Law. Journal of Comparative Economics. 26 ss.43–73.

Haggard, S., Tiede, L. (2011). The Rule of Law and Economic Growth: Where are We?. World Development. 39(5). ss.673-685.

Hagle, T. M., Spaeth, H. J. (1992). The Emergence of a New Ideology: The Business Decisions of the Burger Court. Journal of Politics. 54(1). ss.120–134.

Hall, M. G., Brace, P. (1992). Toward an Integrated Model of Judicial Voting Behavior. American Politics Quarterly. 20(2). ss.147–168.

Hanretty, C. (2014). The Bulgarian Constitutional Court as an Additional Legislative Chamber. East European Politics and Societies. 28. ss.540-558. Hansford, T. G., Spriggs, J. F. (2006). The Politics of Precedent on the U.S. Supreme Court. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Harris, R. (2003). The Uses of History in Law and Economics. Boalt Working Papers in Public Law. 4. ss.659-696.

Hayo, B., Voigt, S. (2010). Determinants of Constitutional Change: Why do Countries Change Their Form of Government? Journal of Comparative Economics. 38(3). ss.283-305.

Hicks, J. R. (1939). The Foundations of Welfare Economics. Economic Journal. 49(196). ss.696–712.

Hönnige, C. (2009). The Electoral Connection: How the Pivotal Judge affects Oppositional Success at European Constitutional Courts. West European Politics. 35. ss.963-984.

Iaryczower, M., Spiller, P. T., Tommasi, M. (2002). Judicial Independence in Unstable Environments, Argentina 1935-1998. American Journal of Political Science. 46(4). ss.699-716.

Kaldor, N. (1939). Welfare Propositions in Economics and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility. Economic Journal. 49(145). ss.549–552.

Klein, P. G. (1999). New Institutional Economics. Encyclopedia of Law and Economics. (Ed. B. Bouckaert, G. De Geest). UK: Edward Elgar: ss.456-489.

Knack, S, Keefer, P. (1995). Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures. Economics & Politics. 7(3). ss.207-227.

Kydland, F. E., Prescott, E.C. (1977). Rules Rather Than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans. Journal of Political Economy. 85(3). ss. 473-493.

La Porta, R., de Silanes, F. L., Pop-Eleches, C., Shleifer, A. (2004). Judicial Checks and Balances. Journal of Political Economy. 112(2). ss.445-470.

Landes, W. M. (1971). An Economic Analysis of the Courts. Journal of Law and Economics. 14. ss.61–107.

Landes, W. M, Posner, R. A. (1975). The Independent Judiciary in an Interest-Group Perspective. Journal of Law and Economics. 18(3). ss.875–901.

Langbein, J. H. (1987). Comparative Civil Procedure and the Style of Complex Contracts. American Journal of Comparative Law. 35. ss.381-394.

Lax, J. R., Cameron, C. M. (2007). Bargaining and Opinion Assisgnment on the US Supreme Court. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization. 23(2). ss.276-302.

Lindsay, C., Feigenbaum, B. (1984). Rationing by Waiting Lists. American Economic Review. 74(3). ss.404-417.

Llewellyn, K. N. (1931). What Price Contract? An Essay in Perspective. Yale Law Review. 40. ss.704-751.

Macneil, I. R. (1974). The Many Futures of Contracts. Southern California Law Review. 47. ss.691-816.

Macneil, I. R. (1978). Contracts: Adjustments of Long-Term Economic Relations under Classical, Neoclassical, and Relational Contract Law. Northwestern University Law Review. 72. ss.854-906.

Maitra, P., Smyth, R. (2004). Judicial Independence, Judicial Promotion and the Enforcement of Legislative Wealth Transfers—An Empirical Study of the New Zealand High Court. European Journal of Law and Economics. 17. ss.209-235.

Martin, A. D., Quinn, K M. (2002). Dynamic Ideal Point Estimation via Markov Chain Monte Carlo for the U.S. Supreme Court, 1953-1999. Political Analysis. 10. ss.134-153.

Mayhew, D. R. (1974). Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Mueller, D. C. (2003). Public Choice III. New York: Cambridge University Press.

North, D. C. (1981). Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: Norton.

North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.

North, D. C., Thomas, R. P. (1973). The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Oktay, C. (1984). Kuvvetler Ayrılığı İlkesinin Yargı Açısından Anlamı ve Türkiye Örneği. Anayasa Yargısı Dergisi. 1. ss.215-242.

Özbudun, E. (2005). Türk Anayasa Hukuku. 8. bs. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları.

Özbudun, E. (2008). Türk Anayasa Hukuku. 9. bs. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları.

Özveren, E. (2007). Kurumsal İktisat: Aralanan Karakutu. Kurumsal İktisat. (Ed. E. Özveren). Ankara: İmge Kitapevi: 15-43.

Padovano, F. (2009). The Time-Varying Independence of Italian Peak Judicial Institutions. Constitutional Political Economy. 20(3). ss.230-250.

Polinsky, A. M. (1979). Controlling Externalities and Protecting Entitlements: Property Right, Liability Rule, and Tax Subsidy Approaches. Journal of Legal Studies. 8. ss.1–48.

Polinsky, A. M., Shavell, S. (1979). The Optimal Tradeoff between the Probability and Magnitude of Fines. American Economic Review. 69. ss.880–891.

Polinsky, A. M., Shavell, S. (2007). The Theory of Public Enforcement of Law. Handbook of Law and Economics-I. (Ed. A. M. Polinsky, S. Shavell). Amsterdam: Elsevier: ss.403-454.

Posner, R. A. (1972). Economic Analysis of Law. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

Posner, R. A. (1974). Theories of Economic Regulation. Bell Journal of Economics. 5(2). ss.335-358.

Posner, R. A. (1975). The Social Costs of Monopoly and Regulation. Journal of Political Economy. 83(4). ss.807-827.

Posner, R. A. (1981). The Economics of Justice. Massachusetts, ABD: Harvard University Press.

Posner, R. A. (1993). What Do Judges and Justices Maximize? Supreme Court Economic Review. 3. ss.1-41.

Posner, R. A. (1997). Rational Choice, Behavioral Economics, and the Law. Stanford Law Review. 50. ss.1551-1575.

Posner, R. A. (1998). Social Norms, Social Meaning, and Economic Analysis of Law: A Comment. The Journal of Legal Studies. 27(2). ss.553-565.

Pritchett, C. H. (1941). Division of Opinion Among Justices on the U.S. Supreme Court, 1939-1941. American Political Science Review. 25(5). ss.890–898.

Pritchett, C. H. (1942). The Voting Behavior of The Supreme Court, 1941-42. Journal of Politics. 4. ss.491-506.

Pritchett, C. H. (1948). The Roosevelt Court: A Study in Judicial Politics and Values, 1937-1947. New York: The Macmillan Co.

Ramseyer, J. M. (2010). Talent Matters: Judicial Productivity and Speed in Japan. Harvard Law and Economics Discussion Paper. ss. 663.

Rohde, D., Spaeth, H. (1976). Supreme Court Decision Making. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Roussey, L., Deffains, B. (2012). Trust in Judicial Institutions: An Empirical Approach. Journal of Institutional Economics. 8(3). ss.351-369.

Santoni, M., Zucchini, F. (2003). Legislative Output and the Constitutional Court in Italy. Constitutional Political Economy. 17. ss.165-187.

Schubert, G. (1959). Quantitative Analysis of Judicial Behavior. Glencoe IL: The Free Press.

Schubert, G. (1965). The Judicial Mind: The Attitudes and Ideologies of Supreme Court Justices, 1946-1963. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

Segal, J. A., Cover, A. D. (1989). Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices. American Political Science Review. 83. ss.557-565.

Segal, J. A., Spaeth, H. J. (2002). The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Segal, J. A., Epstein, L., Cameron, C. M., Spaeth, H. J. (1995). Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices Revisited. Journal of Politics. 57. ss.812-823.

Shavell, S. (1980a). Strict Liability versus Negligence. Journal of Legal Studies. 9. ss.1–25.

Shavell, S. (1980b). Damage Measures for Breach of Contract. Bell Journal of Economics. 11. ss.466–490.

Shepsle, K. A., Weingast, B. R. (1987). The Institutional Foundations of Committee Power. American Political Science Review. 8. ss.85-104.

Songer, D. R., Segal, J. A., Cameron, C. M. (1994). The Hierarchy of Justice: Testing a Principal-Agent Model of Supreme Court-Circuit Court Interactions. American Journal of Political Sciences, 38(3). ss.673-696.

Songer, D. R., Davis, S. (1990). The Impact of Party and Region on Voting Decision in the United States Courts of Appeals, 1955–1986. Western Political Quarterly. 43(2). ss.317-334.

Spence, A. M. (1977). Consumer Misperceptions, Product Failure and Producer Liability. Review of Economic Studies. 44. ss.561–572.

Spiller, P. T., Spitzer, M.L. (1992). Judicial Choice of Legal Doctrine. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization. 8(1). ss.8-46.

Spiller, P. T., Gely, R. (2007). Strategic Judicial Decision Making. http://www.nber.org/ papers/w13321, (Erişim Tarihi:17.06.2014)

Staats, J. L., Bowler, S., Hiskey, J. (2005). Measuring Judicial Performance in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Societies. 47(4). ss.77-106.

Tate, C. N., Handberg, R. (1991). Time-Binding and Theory-Building in Personal Attribute Models of Supreme Court Voting Behavior, 1916-88. American Journal of Political Science. 35. ss.460-480.

Tiede, L. B., Ponce, A. F. (2014). Evaluating Theories of Decision Making on the Peruvian Constitutional Court. Journal of Politics in Latin America. 6. ss.134-164.

Tridimas, G. (2010). Constitutional Judicial Review and Political Insurance. European Journal of Law and Economics. 29(1). ss.81-101. Tullock, G. (1967). The Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies, and Theft. Western Economic Journal. 5(3). ss.224-232.

Uzun, E. (2004). Amerikan Hukukî Realizmi. Çağdaş Hukuk Felsefesine Giriş. (Ed. A. H. Atalay). İstanbul: Teknik Yayıncılık: ss.61-73.

Vanberg, G. (2005). The Politics of Constitutional Review in Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Vanberg, V. J. (2005). Market and State: The Perspective of Constitutional Political Economy. Journal of Institutional Economics. 1(1). ss.23-49.

Vereeck, L., Mühl, M. (2000). An Economic Theory of Court Delay. European Journal of Law and Economics. 10(3). ss.243-268.

Voigt, S., El-Bialy, N. (2013). Identifying the Determinants of Judicial Performance: Taxpayers’ Money Well Spent? European Journal of Law and Economics. 41(2). ss.283-319.

Weingast, B. R., Marshall, W. J. (1988). The Industrial Organization of Congress; or, Why Legislatures, Like Firms, Are Not Organized as Markets. Journal of Political Economy. 96(1). ss.132-163.

Williamson, O. E. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Anti-trust Implication. New York: Free Press.

Worldbank. (2004). World Development Report 2005: A Better Investment Climate for Everyone. New York: Oxford University Press.

Zak, P. J, Knack, S. (2001). Trust and Growth. Economic Journal. 111(470). ss.295-321.

Zorn, C., Caldeira, G. A. (2008). Measuring Supreme Court Ideology. http:// www.adm.wustl.edu/media/courses/supct/ZC2.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2013)