Pre-Classical Habitation at Tlos, Lycia
In this paper we present the results of analysis
of pre-Classical finds recently discovered
during archaeological excavations in the area
of the stadium on the eastern outskirts of the
acropolis of Tlos in Lycia. These excavations
have helped us identify at least two cultural
layers pre-dating the Early Iron Age layer beneath
the remains of the Hellenistic stadium:
the first layer dates to the early phase of the
Middle Chalcolithic sometime around the early
fifth millennium BC, while the other represents
the Late Bronze Age. Recovery of finds
representing the Late Bronze Age at Tlos now
complements studies aiming to prove that the
lands of the Lukka were not void of habitation
during this period. This evidence could
also be used in favor of theories equating the
Dalawa/Talawa mentioned in Hittite records
with Tlos (Lycian Tlawa). The prominent position
of Tlos overlooking the northern part of
the Xanthus River valley, a natural route between
the Lycian coast and its hinterland, was
an important factor that made the site favorable
for habitation for millennia.
Keywords:
Southwestern Anatolia, Lycia, Tlos, Chalcolithic, Late Bronze Age Early Iron Age, Lukka, Historical Geography,
___
- Bamyacı, A.O. Forthcoming. “The Ground Stone Artifacts.” In Gülpınar: A Prehistoric Settlement on the Coastal Troad, edited by T. Takaoğlu. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
- Beckman, G.M. 1999. Hittite Diplomatic Texts. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
- Bryce, T.R. 2015. “The Role of the Lukka People in Late Bronze Age Anatolia.” Anticthon 13: 1–11.
- Bryce, T.R. 1986. “Maduwatta and Hittite Policy in Western Anatolia.” Historia 35: 1–32.
- Çilingiroğlu, A., Ö. Çevik, and Ç. Çilingiroğlu. 2012. “Ulucak Höyük.” In The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations & New Research, Vol. 4. Western Turkey, edited by M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, and P. Kuniholm, 139–75. İstanbul. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
- De Cupere, B., D. Frémendeau, E. Kaptijn, E. Marinova, J. Poblome, R. Vandam, and W. van Neer. 2017. “Subsistence Economy and Land Use Strategies in the Burdur Province (SW Anatolia) from Prehistory to the Byzantine Period.” Quaternary International 436: 4–17.
- Dedeoğlu, F. 2016. “A Study of Chalices from Beycesultan: Their Function, Social Meaning and Cultural Interactions.” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 16: 13–32.
- Dedeoğlu, F., and E. Abay. 2014. “Beycesultan Höyük Excavation Project: New Archaeological Evidence from Late Bronze Age Layers.” Arkeoloji Dergisi 17: 1–39.
- Dedeoğlu, F., and E. Konakçı. 2015. “Local Painted Pottery Tradition from Inland Southwest Anatolia and its Contribution to Second Millennium BC Chronology.” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 15: 191–214.
- Erdoğu, B. 2013. “Uğurlu.” In The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations & New Research, Vol. 5. Northestern Turkey and İstanbul, edited by M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen and P. Kuniholm, 1–33. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
- Eslick, C. 1992. Elmalı–Karataş I. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods: Bağbaşı and the Other Sites. Bryn Mawr: Bryn Mawr College Archaeological Monographs.
- Eslick, C. 1988. “Middle Chalcolithic Period from southwestern Anatolia.” AJA 92: 5–14.
- Gander, M. 2014. “Tlos, Oinoanda and the Hittite Invasion of the Lukka Lands. Some Thoughts on the History of North-Western Lycia in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages.” Klio 96: 369–415.
- Götze, A. 1928. Madduwattaš. Année: Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-Aegyptischen Gesellschaft 32.1: 147-54.
- Hoşkan, N., F.A. Yüksel, K. Avcı, K. Ergüven, and T. Korkut. 2014. “Tlos Antik Kenti Stadion Alanında Jeoradar (GPR) Çalışmaları.” In 67. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri Kitabı, 434–35. Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası Yayınları No: 117. Ankara: Afşaroğlu Matbaası.
- Işın, G., T. Takaoğlu, K. Sezgin, and T. Yücel. 2015. “Tlos Seramikleri.” In Arkeoloji, Epigrafi, Jeoloji, Doğal ve Kültürel Peyzaj Yapısıyla Tlos Antik Kenti ve Territoryumu, edited by T. Korkut, 148–212. T.C. Seydikemer Kaymakamlığı Yayınları 1. Ankara: T.C. Seydikemer Kaymakamlığı.
- Joukowsky, M.S. 1986. Prehistoric Aphrodisias. An Account of the Excavations and Artifacts Studies. Providence: Brown University.
- Korkut, T. 2016. Tlos. A Lycian City on the Slopes of the Akdağ Mountains. İstanbul: E Yayınevi.
- Korkut, T. 2013. “Die Ausgrabungen in Tlos.” In Euploia: La Lycie et la Carie Antiques: Dynamiques des territoires, échanges et identités, edited by P. Brun, L. Cavalier, K. Konuk, and F. Prost, 333–44. Bordeaux: Ausonius Editions Memoires 34.
- Korkut, T. 2012. “Tlos 2010 Kazı Etkinlikleri.” Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 33.I: 453–74.
- Korkut, T., G. Işın, and T. Takaoğlu. 2018. “Cave habitations in Lycia. The Case of Tavabaşı near Tlos.” In Communities in Transition: The Circum-Aegean Area during the 5th and 4th millennia BC, edited by S. Dietz, F. Mavridis, Z. Tankosic, and T. Takaoğlu, 548–55. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
- Korkut, T., G. Işın, T. Takaoğlu, and B. Özdemir. 2015. “Tlos Yakınlarındaki Tavabaşı Mağarası Kaya Resimleri.” Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 18: 37–49.
- Lebrun, R. 1995. “Reflexion sur le Lukka et environs au 13ème S.av.J.-C.” In Immigration and Emigration within the Ancient Near East. Festschrift E. Lipinski, edited by K. van Lerberghe and A. Schoors, 139–52. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 65. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oriëntalistiek.
- Mellaart, J. 1970. Excavations at Hacılar. Edinburgh: Edinburg University Press.
- Mellaart, J. 1979. “Second millennium BC Chronology of Beycesultan.” AnatSt 20: 55–67.
- Mellaart, J., and A. Murray. 1995. Beycesultan Vol. III, Part II: Late Bronze Age and Phrygian Pottery and Middle and Late Bronze Age Small Objects. BIAA Occasional Monograph Series 12. London: BIAA.
- Mellink, M.J. 1995. “Homer, Lycia and Lukka.” In The Ages of Homer: A Tribute Emily Townsend Vermeule, edited by J. Carter and S.P. Morris, 33–44. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Momigliano, N., and B. Aksoy. 2015. “Lycia before Lycians: The Elusive Second Millennium BC in Southwest Turkey and the Çaltılar Archaeological Project.” In Nostoi: Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Ages, edited by N.Chr. Stampolidis, Ç. Maner, and K. Kopanias, 539–55. İstanbul: Koç University Press.
- Momigliano, N., A. Greaves, T. Hodos, B. Aksoy, A. Brown, M. Kibaroğlu, and T. Carter. 2011. “Settlement History and Material Culture in Southwest Turkey: Report on the 2008-2010 Survey at Çaltılar Höyük (northern Lycia).” AnatSt 61: 61–121.
- Moorey P.R.S., and F. Schweizer. 1974. “Copper and copper alloys in ancient Turkey. Some new analyses.” Archaeometry 10: 12-15.
- Otten, H. 1993. “Das Land Lukka in der hethitischen Topographie.” In Akten des II. Internationalen Lykien- Symposiums, edited by J. Borchhardt and G. Dobesch, 117–21. OAI Denkschriften 231. Wien: OAI.
- Poetto, M. 1993. L’iscrizione Luvio Geroglifica di Yalburt. Pavia: G. Iuculano Editore.
- Perlès, C., T. Takaoğlu, and B. Gratuze, 2011. “Melian Obsidian in NW Turkey: Evidence for Early Neolithic Trade.” JFA 36: 42–9.
- Przeworski, S. 1939. Die Metallindustrie Anatoliens in der Zeit von 1500-700 v. Chr. Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie 36. Leiden: Brill.
- Sağlamtimur, H. 2012. “The Neolithic Settlement of Ege Gübre.” In The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations & New Research, Vol. 4. Western Turkey, edited by M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, and P. Kuniholm, 197–225. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
- Sezgin, K. 2017. “Tlos Antik Kenti Stadyum Alanı Seramikleri.” PhD Thesis, Akdeniz University.
- Takaoğlu, T. 2017. “Middle Chalcolithic Finds from Dağdere in the Akhisar/Manisa Region.” Anadolu/ Anatolia 42: 1–14.
- Takaoğlu, T. 2016. “On the Modes of Exchange in Prehistoric Lycia.” In Lykiarkhissa: Festschrift für Havva Işkan, edited by E. Dündar, Ş. Aktaş, M. Koçan, and S. Erkoç, 649–57. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
- Takaoğlu, T. and A. Özdemir, 2018. “Middle Chalcolithic period in the Troad: A New Look from Gülpınar.” In Communities in Transition. The Circum-Aegean Area in the Fifth and Fourth Millennia BC, edited by S. Dietz, F. Mavridis, Ž. Tankosić, and T. Takaoğlu, 479–90. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
- Takaoğlu, T., T. Korkut, B. Erdoğu, and G. Işın. 2014. “Archaeological Evidence for 9th and 8th Millennia BC at Girmeler Cave near Tlos in SW Turkey.” Documenta Praehistorica 41: 111–18.
- Umurtak, G. 2003. “A Study of a Group of Pottery Finds from the MBA Deposits at Bademağacı Höyük.” Anatolia Antiqua 11: 53–74.
- Vandam, R. 2015. “The Burdur Plain Survey Project, SW Turkey. In Search of the Middle Chalcolithic (5500-4200 BC).” In The Archaeology of Anatolia: Recent Discoveries (2011-2014), Vol I, edited by S.R. Steadman and G. McMahon, 282–301. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Vandam, R., B. Mušič, and I. Medarić. 2019. “Contextualizing Kuruçay Höyük: Assessing the Unexplored Late Chalcolithic Landscape near the Beginning of Early Social Complexity in SW Turkey.” JFA 44: 1–14.
- ISSN: 1301-2746
- Yayın Aralığı: Yıllık
- Başlangıç: 1996
- Yayıncı: Koç Üniversitesi AKMED (Suna & İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi)