A Numismatic Riddle from Arykanda: The God of the Water Spring

Among the coin types minted for Arykanda under Emperor Gordianus III, there is a new reverse type depicting Kakasbos wearing military attire and a Thracian helmet. His club is lowered, and he is holding the reins of his horse which stands next to him. On Kakasbos’s right the horse with its right front hoof is striking a rock from which water flows. The iconography is new for Kakasbos and has never been seen before. In fact, he is always shown riding his horse with his club raised to strike. This article explains why this is an image of Kakasbos and not some other deity. It uses other archaeological finds - epigraphic and iconographic - found during the excavations at Arykanda. The authors also identify the water source meant on the coin type and the cult area that existed next to it at Suyun Gözü, the main source of the Arykandos River.

___

  • Ant. Lib. Met., Antoninus Liberalis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis with an English translation by F. Celoria. 1992. London/New York: Routledge.
  • Aratus Phaen., Callimachus, Lycophron, Aratus. Hymns and Epigrams. Lycophron: Alexandra. Aratus: Phaenomena. Translated by A.W. Mair and G.R. Mair. 1921. The Loeb Classical Library 129. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Hyginus Astronomica Hyginus, Hygini Astronomica, edited by B. Bunte. 1875. Wiegel: Leipzig.
  • Nonnos, Dionysiaca, Nonnos, Dionysiaca, Vol. 3, books 36-48, H.J. Rose and L.R. Rind, 1942. The Loeb Classical Library 356. Cambridge/London: Harvard University Press.
  • Ovid. Fasti, Publius Ovidius Naso, Fasti (I-VI) Roma Takvimi ve Festivaller. Translated by A.C. Abuagla 2016. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Ovid. Met., Ovidius, Ovid Metamorphoses, F.J. Miller, Vols. 3-4. Revised by G.P. Goold. The Loeb Classical Library 42. 2005. Cambridge, Mass./London: Harvard University Press.
  • Paus. Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English translation by W.H. Jones, Vol. 1; 3-4; W.H. Jones and H.A. Ormerod, Vol. 2; R.E. Wycherley, Vol. 5 (Illustrations and Index). New York 1918-2004. The Loeb Classical Library: Harvard University Press.
  • Plin. Nat. Hist., Plinius the Elder, Pliny, Natural History, Vol. 2, Libri 3-7 ed. H. Rackham, Cambridge MA and London, 1961. The Loeb Classical Library: Harvard University Press.
  • Plin. Nat. Hist., Pliny, Natural History, Vol. 8, Libri 28-32, ed. W.H.S. Jones, 1963, Cambridge, MA and London. The Loeb Classical Library: Harvard University Press.
  • Plut. Alex.,Ploutarkhos, Plutarkh’s lives - Alexander with an English translation by B. Perrin London/New York 1919. The Loeb Classical Library: Harvard University Press.
  • Schol. Pind. Ol., School of Pindaros, “Olympian Odes” inside Pindar Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes. Fragments. Edited and translated by W.H. Race. 1997. The Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass./London: Harvard University Press.
  • Statius, Thebaid, Statius, Thebaid, Books 1-7, D.R. Shackleton Bailey, Loeb Classical Library, 2003.
  • Steph. Byz. Ethnika, Stephanos of Byzantion, Stephani Byzantii, Ethnica, Vol. 4, edited by M. Billerbeck and A. Neumann-Hartmann, 2016. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Strabon, Strabon, Geographika. Edited by A. Meineke, 1877. Leipzig: Teubner.
  • Andronicos, M. 1979. “The Finds from the Royal Tombs at Vergina.” ProcBritAc 65:355-67.
  • Bayburtluoğlu, C. 1991. “1990 Arykanda Kazısı.” Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 13.2:227-33.
  • Bayburtluoğlu, C. 1992. “1991 Arykanda Kazısı Raporu.” Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 14.2:409-13.
  • Bayburtluoğlu, C. 2003. Arykanda. Yüksek Kayalığın Yanındaki Yer. Istanbul: Homer Kitabevi.
  • Bayburtluoğlu, C. 2006. “Arykanda Tanrıları ve Kültleri.” In The IIIrd International Symposium on Lycia. 07-10 November 2005, Symposium Proceedings. Antalya. 2 vols., edited by K. Dörtlük, B. Varkıvanç, T. Kahya, J. des Courtils, M. Doğan Alparslan and R. Boyraz, 61-68. Istanbul: AKMED.
  • Bean, G.E. 1971. Journeys in Northern Lycia 1965-1967. Ergänzungbände zu den Tituli Asiae Minoris 4. Vienna: Hermann Böhlaus Nachf.
  • BMC Lyc. Hill, G.F. 1897. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Lycia, Pamphylia and Pisidia. London: Printed by Order the Trustees of the British Museum.
  • BMC Phr. Head, B.V. 1906. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in British Museum. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Phrygia. London: Printed by Order the Trustees of the British Museum.
  • Borchhardt, J., ed. 1975. Myra. Eine lykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit. IstForsch 30. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag.
  • Borchhardt, J. 1999. Limyra, Zemuri Taşları. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Bryce, T.R. 1986. The Lycians. Vol. 1, The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
  • Candaş, A. 2006. “The Kakasbos/Herakles Cult: A Study of Its Origins, Diffusion and Possible Syncretisms.” Master’s thesis, Bilkent University.
  • Chapouthier, F. 1935. Les Dioscures au service d’une déesse. Étude d’iconographie religieuse. Paris: de Boccard.
  • Dağlı, İ. 2011. “Nympheler ve Lykia’dan Nymphelere Adanmış Kabartmalar.” Master’s thesis, Istanbul University.
  • Delemen, İ. 1995. “Lykia-Kabalia-Pisidia Bölgesinden Roma Dönemi Dioskurlar ve Tanrıça Kabartmaları.” Belleten 59.225:295-321.
  • Delemen, İ. 1996. “Lykia-İdebessos’ta Bulunmuş Olan Bronz Adak Heykelcikleri.” Anadolu Araştırmaları 14 (Prof. Dr. Afif Erzen’e Armağan):197-212.
  • Delemen, İ. 1999. Anatolian Rider-Gods: A Study on Stone Finds from the Regions of Lycia, Pisidia, Isauria, Lycaonia, Phrygia, Lydia and Caria in the Late Roman Period. Asia Minor Studien 35. Münster: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
  • Delemen, İ. 2005. “Halûk Perk Müzesi’ndeki Thrak ve Anadolu Atlıları.” Tüliya 1:149-76.
  • Delemen İ. 2011. “Dioskurlar ve Tanrıça: Sadberk Hanım Müzesi’ndeki Bir Gümüş Aplik.” Özsait Armağanı: Mehmet ve Nesrin Özsait Onuruna Sunulan Makaleler, edited by H. Şahin, E. Konyar, and G. Ergin, 143-47. Istanbul: AKMED.
  • Dimitrov, S. 2002-2003. “Helmets from Ancient Thracia.” Известия. Bulletin of the Regional Museum of History of Veliko Turnovo (Изследвания и материали om VI музейини четения, посветени на 70 годишния юбилей на доц. д-р Янка Николова 17-18 май 2002 г., Белико Търново. Studia in Honorem Janko Nikolova) 17-18:179-88.
  • Dintsis, P. 1986. Hellenistiche Helme. Vol. 1, Text. Archaeologica 43. Roma: G. Bretschneider.
  • Drouin, M. 2014. “Les cultes d’Héraklès et de Kakasbos en Lycie-Pisidie à l’époque impériale romaine. Étude des stèles dédiées aux dieux cavaliers à la massue.” Master’s thesis, Laval University.
  • Efendioğlu, T. 2008. “Hellenizm ve Roma Çağları Likyası’nda Yerel Kütler.” Master’s thesis, Marmara University.
  • Efendioğlu, T. 2010. Hellenistik ve Roma Çağlarında Likya’da Yerel Tanrı ve Tanrıçalar. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Fol, V., and V. Inkova. 1998. “Thracian Helmet from the Village of Pletena, Western Rhodope.” Orpheus. Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies 8 (Memorial Volume of Vladimir I. Georgiev):21-34.
  • Frei, P. 1990. “Die Götterkulte Lykiens in der Kaiserzeit.” ANRW 2.18.3:1729-864.
  • Hall, A.S. 1986. “R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 9: The Milyadeis and their Territory.” AnatSt 36:137-57.
  • Head, B.V. 1911. Historia Numorum. A Manual of Greek Numismatics. New and enl. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Horsley, G.H.R. 1999. The Rider God Steles at Burdur Museum in Turkey. Museum of Antiquities Maurice Kelly Lecture 3. Armidale N.S.W: Universiy of New England.
  • İplikçioğlu, B., and C. Schuler. 2012. “Ein Tempel für die Dioskuren und Helena, Eine neue Bauinschrift aus Bozhüyük bei Elmalı im lykischen Hochland.” AnzWien 146.2:39-60.
  • Imhoof-Blumer, F. 1924. “Fluss- und Meergötter auf griechischen und römischen Münzen (Personifikationen der Gewässer).” SNR 23:171-421.
  • Juhel, P., G. Sanev. 2011. “A New Helmet from Macedonia.” In Hellenistic Warfare 1: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Hellenistic Warfare. edited by N.V. Sekunda and A.N. Borel, 155-78. Instituto Valenciano de Estudios Clásicos y Orientales 2, Fundación Libertas 7. Valencia: Gráficas Mari Montañana S.L.
  • Kearsley, R.A. 2002. “Cultural Diversity in Roman Pisidia: The Cult of the Dioskouroi.” In Actes du 1er Congrès international sur Antioche de Pisidie. Collection de l’Institut d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’antiquité 5, edited by T. Drew-Bear, M. Taşlıalan, and C.M. Thomas, 401-10. Paris: Diffusion de Boccard.
  • Kokkinia, C. 2008. “Introduction.” In Boubon. The Inscriptions and Archaeological Remains. A Survey 2004-2006, edited by C. Kokkinia, 1-25. Meletemata 60. Athens: Diffusion De Boccard.
  • Kolb, F. 1991. “Kyaneai 1989. Vorbericht ü ber Feldforschungen im Yavu-Bergland bei Kaş mit Beiträgen von W. Böser, V. Höhfeld, F. Kolb, B. Kupke, M. Miller, A. Rieger, and M. Zimmermann.” IstMitt 41:187-264.
  • Kolb, F. 2007. “Akkulturation in der lykischen ‘Provinz’ unter römischer Herrschaft.” Tra Oriente e Occidente. Indigeni, Greci e Romani in Asia Minore. Atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 28-30 settembre 2006, edited by G. Urso, 271-91. Pisa: Edizioni ETS.
  • Köker, H. 2019. “Kakasbos/Herakles (?) ve Yeni Bir Bronz Sagalassos Sikkesi.” Olba 27:465-75.
  • Krickl, E. 2005. 1892 Lykia Günlüğü, edited by N. Başgelen, translated by F.D. Öztürk and Z.Z. İlkgelen. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları and Suna ve İnan Kıraç Vakfı.
  • Labarre G., M. Özsait, and N. Özsait. 2006. “Les reliefs rupestres de Tefenni (Pisidie).” Anatolia Antiqua 14:89-115.
  • Larson, J. 2007. Ancient Greek Cults: A Guide. New York/London: Routledge.
  • Lebrun, R. 1998. “Panthéons locaux de Lycie, Lykaonie et Cilicie aux deuxième et premier millénaires av. J.-C.” Kernos 11:143-55.
  • Lebrun R., and É. Raimond. 2015. “Les divinités et les cultes en Lycie.” Hethitica 17:79-116.
  • Locatelli, L. 2015. “Le cheval dans l’onomastique du Sud-Ouest de l’Anatolie.” Babelao 4:101-10.
  • Magie, D. 1950. Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of the Third Century After Christ. 2 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Marksteiner, T., B. Stark, M. Wörrle, and B. Yener-Marksteiner. 2007. “Der Yalak Başı auf dem Bonda Tepesi in Ostlykien. Eine dörfliche Siedlung und ein ländlicher Kultplatz im Umland von Limyra.” Chiron 37:243-93.
  • Milner, N.P., and M.F. Smith. 1994. “New Votive Reliefs from Oinoanda.” AnatSt 44:65-76.
  • Milner, N.P. 2000. “Notes and Inscriptions on the Cult of Apollo at Oinoanda.” AnatSt 50:139-49.
  • Mitchell, S. 2005. “The Treaty between Rome and Lycia of 46 BC.” Papyrologica Florentina 35:163-258.
  • Naour, C. 1976. “Inscriptions et reliefs de Kibyratide et de Cabalide.” ZPE 22:109-36.
  • Naour, C. 1980. Tyriaion en Cabalide: épigraphie et géographie historique. Studia Amstelodamensia ad Epigraphicam, Ius Antiquum et Papyrologicam pertinentia 20. Zutphen: Terra Publishing Co.
  • Neumann, G. 1991. “Der lykische Ortsname Arykanda.” Historische Sprachforschung/Historical Linguistics 104.2:165-69.
  • Nollé, J. 2001. Die Abwehr der wilden Schweine. Schwarzwildjagden im antiken Lykien. München: Biering & Brinkmann.
  • Nollé, J. 2006. “Königliches Gefolge beim Fischorakel von Sura.” In The IIIrd Symposium on Lycia. Symposium Proceedings. Antalya, 07-10 November 2005. 2 vols., edited by K. Dörtlük, B. Varkıvanç, T. Kahya, J. des Courtils, M. Doğan Alparslan, and R. Boyraz, 515-22. Istanbul: AKMED.
  • Nollé, J. 2009. “Beiträge zur kleinasiatischen Münzkunde und Geschichte 6-9.” Gephyra 6:7-99.
  • Nollé, J. 2015. “Beiträge zur kleinasiatischen Münzkunde und Geschichte 11. Adleromina: Stadt- und Kultgründungen auf Geheiß des Zeus.” Gephyra 12:1-88.
  • Onat, B. 1954. Antalya’dan Resimler. Antalya: Basın Yayın ve Turizm Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Onur, F. 2002a. “Lykia Hidrografisi.” Master’s thesis, Akdeniz University.
  • Onur, F. 2002b. “Antik Veriler Işığında Lykia’nın Hidrografyası.” In Lykia İncelemeleri 1, edited by S. Şahin and M. Adak, 53-61. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Öner, E. 1998. “Naturgeographie und Mensch-Umwelt-Beziehungen im Yavu-Bergland.” In Lykische Studien 4, Feldforschungen auf dem Gebiet von Kyaneai (Yavu-Bergland). Ergebnisse der Kampagnen 1993-94, edited by F. Kolb, 267-81. Asia Minor Studien 29. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
  • Özsait, M. 2004. “Nouveaux témoignages sur le culte des Dioskouroi en Pisidie occidentale.” In Les cultes locaux dans les mondes grec et romain. Actes du colloque de Lyon, 7-8 juin 2001, edited by G. Labarre, 103-12. Lyon: Université Lumière-Lyon 2/Paris: Diffusion de Boccard.
  • Özsait M., G. Labarre, and N. Özsait. 2004. “Les reliefs rupestres et les inscriptions de Keçili-Yanıktaş (Pisidie).” Anatolia Antiqua 12:61-82.
  • Renberg, G.H. 2014. “Unexplored Aspects of the Lycian Twelve Gods Reliefs.” EpigAnat 47:107-32.
  • Robert, L. 1946. “Un dieu anatolien: Kakasbos.” Hellenica 3:38-73, 173-74, pl. 1-6.
  • Robert, L. 1955. “Villes et monnaies de Lycie.” Hellenica 10:188-222.
  • Robert, L. 1977. “Monnaies hellénistiques.” RN 19:7-47.
  • Robert, L. 1983. “Documents d‘Asie Mineure: XXVII. Reliefs Votifs.” BCH 107:511-99.
  • RPC III Amandry M., and A. Burnett. 2015. Roman Provincial Coinage III, Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian (AD 96-138). London: The British Museum Press.
  • RPC IV Heuchert V., and C. Howgego. Roman Provincial Coinage IV (The Antonines) Online catalogue (with temporary numbers) [Roman provincial coinage online]. http://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/coins/
  • Sancaktar, H. 2019. Arykanda I. Arykanda Akropolisi Kutsal Alanları ve Kültleri. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
  • Santangelo, F. 2007. Sulla, the Elites and the Empire. A Study of Roman Policies in Italy and the Greek East. Impact of Empire 8. Leiden/Boston: Brill.
  • Schröder, B. 1912. “Thrakische Helme.” Jdl 27:317-44.
  • Smith, T.J. 1997. “Votive Reliefs from Balboura and Its Environs.” AnatSt 47:3-49.
  • Smith, T.J. 2011. “Highland Gods: Rock-cut Votive Reliefs from the Pisidian Survey.” AnatSt 61:133-50.
  • SNG Cop. Suppl. Schultz S., and J. Zahle. 2002. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals. Danish National Museum. Supplement: Acquisitions 1942-1996. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet.
  • SNG Lewis II. Carradice, I.A. 1992. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Great Britain, Vol. VI, The Lewis Collection in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Part II: The Greek Imperial Coins. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
  • SNG Pfps. Pisidien. Nollé, J. 1999. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Deutschland. Pfälzer Privatsammlungen. Vol. 5, Pisidien und Lykaonien, Nr. 1-586. Munich: Hirmer Verlag.
  • Şahin, S. 1994. Die Inschriften von Arykanda. Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 48. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
  • Şahin, S., and M. Adak. eds. 2007. Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae. Monographien zu Gephyra I. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları.
  • Şahin, S. 2009. “Kragos Oros, Titanis Petra und der Apollontempel von Patara. Lokalisierungsversuche in der historischen Geographie Lykiens.” In Die Landschaft und die Religion. Stuttgarter Kolloquium zur Historischen Geographie des Altertums 9, 2005. Geographica Historica 26, edited by E. Olshausen and V. Sauer, 337-52. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • Şahin, S. 2012. “Kragos Oros, Titanis Petra ve Patara Apollon Tapınağı, Lykia’nın Tarihi Coğrafyası’na İlişkin Bir Lokalizasyon Denemesi.” In Eskiçağ Yazıları 3: 1-28, translated by N.E. Akyürek Şahin, edited by A.V. Çelgin and N.E. Akyürek. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Talloen, P. 2006. “Pious Neighbours: Pisidian Religious Ties with Lycia: The Case of the Rider Deities.” In The IIIrd Symposium on Lycia. Symposium Proceedings. Antalya, 07-10 November 2005. 2 vols., edited by K. Dörtlük, B. Varkıvanç, T. Kahya, J. des Courtils, M. Doğan Alparslan, and R. Boyraz, 747-59. Istanbul: AKMED.
  • Talloen, P. 2015. Cult in Pisidia. Religious Practice in Southwestern Asia Minor from Alexander the Great to the Rise of Christianity. A Study based on the Archaeological Research at Sagalassos. Studies in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology 10. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
  • TAM II.2 Kalinka, E. 1930. Titvli Asia Minoris. Vol. 2, Fas. 2, Regio qvae ad Xanthvm flvmen pertinat praetor Xanthvm Oppidvm. Vienna: Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • TAM II.3 Kalinka, E. 1944. Titvli Asia Minoris. Vol. 2, Fas. 3, Regiones Montanae, A Valle Xanthi Flvminis ad Oram Orientalem. Vienna: Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Tek, A.T. 2001. “Arykanda Kazılarında Bulunan Bir Myra Sikkesi.” Günışığında Anadolu, Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu İçin Yazılar / Essays in Honour of Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu, edited by C. Özgünel, O. Bingöl, V. İdil, S. Doruk, K. Görkay, and M. Kadıoğlu, 238-43. Istanbul: Homer Kitabevi.
  • Tek, A.T. 2002. “Arykanda Kazılarında Bulunan Antik Sikkeler Üzerinde Yeni İncelemeler: 1971-2000 Sezonları.” Ph.D. diss., Ankara University.
  • Tek, A.T. 2006. “Hellenistik ve Erken Roma İmparatorluk Dönemlerinde Likya’da Basılan Otonom Şehir Sikkeleri.” In The IIIrd Symposium on Lycia. Symposium Proceedings. Antalya, 07-10 November 2005. 2 vols., edited by K. Dörtlük, B. Varkıvanç, T. Kahya, J. des Courtils, M. Doğan Alparslan, and R. Boyraz, 769-87. Istanbul: AKMED.
  • Tek, A.T. 2020. “Antik ve Orta Çağ Kaynaklarında, Yazıtlarda ve Sikke Basımları ile Podalia.” Olba 28:477-507.
  • Thomsen, A. 1995. “Suburbane Heiligtümer bei Kyaneai: Eine Quellfassung bei Kyaneai - das Orakelheiligtum des Apollon Thyrxeus?” In Lykische Studien 2. Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Polis Kyaneai in Zentrallykien. Bericht über die Kampagne 1991. Asia Minor Studien 18, edited by F. Kolb, 43-48. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
  • Tiryaki, S.G. 2004. “Likya’da Kaynak Kültü.” Master’s thesis, Akdeniz University.
  • Tiryaki, S.G. 2006. “A Preliminary Evaluation of the Spring Cult and Related Structures in Lycia.” Adalya 9:33-52.
  • Tiryaki, G. 2018. “The Sanctuary with the Relief of the ‘Twelve Gods’ in the Elmalı Highlands: On the Iconography of ‘Leto, Her Children, and the Nymphs’ in Ancient Southwest Anatolia.” Adalya 21:135-50.
  • Tüner Önen, N. 2015. “Yeni Buluntular Işığında Phaselis Epigrafi Çalışmaları.” Phaselis 1:19-38.
  • von Aulock, H. 1974. Die Münzprägung des Gordian III und der Tranquilliana in Lykien. IstMitt Suppl. 11. Tübingen: Verlag Ernst Wasmuth.
  • von Aulock, H. 1977. Münzen und Städte Pisidiens. Vol. 1. IstMitt Suppl. 19. Tübingen: Verlag Ernst Wasmuth.
  • von Aulock, H. 1979. Münzen und Städte Pisidiens. Vol. 2. IstMitt Suppl. 22. Tübingen: Verlag Ernst Wasmuth.
  • Weinreich, O. 1927. “Sozon.” In RE III A-1, edited by G. Wissowa, W. Kroll, and K. Mittelhaus, 1248-256. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
  • Wörrle, M. 1996. “Ein Weihaltar aus Kilepe/Yeşilköy.” In Fremde Zeiten, Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt zum sechzigsten Geburstag am 25. Februar 1996 dargebracht von Kollegen, Schülern und Freunden. 2 vols., edited by F. Blakolmer and F. Krinzinger et al., 153-60. Vienna: Phoibos Verlag.
  • Wurzer, J. 2015. “Griechische Quellheiligtümer in Kleinasien.” Master’s thesis, University of Vienna.
  • Ziegler, R. 1999. “Das ‘Koinoboulion eleutheron’ in Anazarbos und Tarsos im frühen 3. Jh. n. Chr. Zu einer neuen anazarbischen Münze aus der Zeit des Elagabal.” NZ 106:95-98.
  • Zimmermann, M. 1992. Untersuchungen zur historischen Landeskunde Zentrallykiens. Antiquitas Reihe 1, Abhandlungen zur alten Geschichte 42. Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
  • Zinko, M. 2002. “Laryngalvertretungen im Lykischen.” Historische Sprachforschung 115.2:218-38.
ADALYA-Cover
  • ISSN: 1301-2746
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yıllık
  • Başlangıç: 1996
  • Yayıncı: Koç Üniversitesi AKMED (Suna & İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi)