Câhiliye Döneminden Hicri V. Yüzyıla Kadar Arap Edebi Tenkidi

Arap edebi tenkidi Cahiliye döneminden hicri V. Yüzyıla (m. 1009) dek önemli evrelerden geçmiş ve şiir, Arap edebi tenkidinde nesirden daha öncelikli bir yer edinmiştir. Arap edebiyatının bilinen en eski tarihi olan Cahiliye döneminde bazen gramer hatalarına, bazen de yanlış kelimelere yönelik olarak doğaçlama bir şekilde yapılan edebi tenkit, İslam’ın gelmesiyle değişim göstermiş ve İslam’ın ilk döneminde dini kriterler ve prensipler edebi eleştiride önemli bir rol üstlenmiştir. Bu dönemde Arap dili Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in üslubu ve ifade tarzının etkisiyle Kureyş lehçesi etrafında birleşerek daha akıcı ve ince bir hale bürünmüş ve Araplar İslam çatısı altında birleşmişlerdir. Emeviler döneminde şairlere kapılarını açan Emevi halifeleri ve yöneticileri Arap şiirini desteklemişler, Cahiliye ve İslam’ın ilk dönemindeki şiire bakış açılarını kendilerinde mezcetmişlerdir. Abbasiler döneminde hicri III. yüzyıldan (m. 816) itibaren müstakil edebi tenkit kitapları yazılarak Arap edebi tenkidinde belirli kurallar konulmuş ve bir yüzyıl sonra hicri IV. yüzyılda (m. 913) Arap edebi tenkidinde gelenekçi, yenilikçi ve uzlaşmacı yönelimler ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Arap, Edeb, Tenkit, Gelenek, Yenilik, Tartışma

Arabic Literary Criticism from the Age of Jāhiliyyah to the 5th Century Hijrī

ʿArabic literary criticism went through important phases from the Ignorance (Jāhiliyya) period to the 5th century AH (1009 AD), and poetry took a higher place than prose in ʿArabic literary criticism. During the Ignorance period, which is the oldest known history of ʿArabic literature, improvised literary criticism for grammatical errors and sometimes wrong words changed with the advent of Islām, and religious criteria and principles played an important role in literary criticism in the first period of Islām. In this period, the ʿArabic language became more fluent and subtle by uniting around the Quraysh dialect with the effect of the style and expression of the Qurʾān, and the ʿArabs united around Islām. The Umayyad calīphs and their rulers, who opened their doors to poets during the Umayyad period, supported ʿArabic poetry and combined their perspectives on poetry in the Ignorance and early Islamic period. During the Abbāsid period, from the 3rd century AH (816 AD), individual literary criticism books were written, and certain rules were set in ʿArabic literary criticism, and a century later, in the 4. century AH (m. 913), traditionalist, innovative and conciliatory schools emerged in ʿArabic literary criticism.

Keywords:

Literature, Criticism, Tradition, Innovation, Discussion,

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