Assimilation of traditional architecture influenced by the imported styles

The article describes the process of transformation of the local architecture under the influence of adscititious styles. The principles of forming assimilative architecture of China at the levels of urban planning, space-planning solutions and architectural elements are determined. The basic analysis is carried out on the example of borrowed European forms in Chinese architecture of the late 19th– early 20th centuries. Furthermore, a similar process in the architecture of Europe is shown. The main trend of orientalism and its local manifestation of chinoiserie (Chinese style) is reflected. This is the example of the usage of oriental themes in the western architecture. Besides, we analyzed the processes of borrowing of the certain techniques of architectural construction at the modern stage of its development. The conclusions have also been drawn about the necessity of further study of this process as well as the importance of reconstruction, restoration and historical preservation of architecture for future generations.

___

Alan, A. K., Champlin, E., & Lintott, A. (Eds.). (1996). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.–A.D. 69 (2nd ed.) Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ CHOL9780521264303

Alm, G. (2002). Kina slott — boken om ett omistligt kulturarv [China Pavillion—the book of an inhospitable cultural heritage]. Kulturvärden, 4. 28–33. [In Swedish].

Almazan Tomas, D. (2003). La seducción de oriente: de la chinoiserie al japonismo [The seduction of the east: from the chinoiserie to japonism]. Artigrama, 18. 83–106. [In Spanish].

Arkaraprasertkul, N. & Williams, M. (2015). The death and life of Shanghai’s alleyway houses: re-thinking community and historic preservation. Review of Culture, 50, 136–149.

Arkaraprasertkul, N. (2009). Towards modern urban housing: redefining Shanghai’s lilong, Journal of Urbanism, 1(2), 11–29.

Batto, P. R. S. (2006, July–August). The Diaolou of Kaiping (1842–1937). Building for dangerous time. Chena Perspectives, 66. Retrieved from http:// chinaperspectives.revues.org/1033

Boardman, J., & Hammond, N. G. L. (Eds.). (1982). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3. Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C. (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521234474

Bury, J. P.T. (Ed.) (1960). The New Cambridge Modern History Vol. 10: The Zenith of European Power, 1830-70. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ CHOL9780521045483

Cao, Cong, Zhang, Dian, Zhang, Ying, & Xu, Su’ning. (2012). The exploratory research of Harbin Chinese baroque traditional block’s protection and update. In V. I. Luchkova (Ed.), The New Ideas of New Century 2012: The Twelve International Scientific Conference Proceedings of FAD PNU. Vol. 1 (pp. 356–360). Khabarovsk, Russia: Pacific National University Publ.

Chan, Chun-kwok. (2014). (Re)pro- duction of Shanghai’s “Lilong” Space. From Historical and Social Conception to Cultural and Cognitive Perception. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.

Crawley, C. W. (Ed.). (1965). The New Cambridge Modern History Vol. 9: War and Peace in an Age of Upheaval, 1793–1830. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521045476

Decker, P. (1759). Chinese architecture, civil and ornamental : being a large collection of the most elegant and useful designs of plans and elevations, etc. from the imperial retreat to the smallest ornamental building in China : likewise their marine subjects : the whole to adorn gardens, parks, forests, woods, canals, etc. London: [without publisher].

Fairbank, J. K. (Ed.). (1978). The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 11: Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part 1. Cambridge, England: Cam- bridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ CHOL9780521214476

Fairbank, J. K., & Liu, Kwang- Ching (Eds.). (1980). The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 11: Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part 2. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521220293

Gamsa, M. (2017). Refractions of China in Russia, and of Russia in China: ideas and things. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 60. 549–584.

Golosova, E. V. (2010). Chinoiserie and Anglo-Chinese parks in Europe. Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, 11(91), 238–242. [In Russian].

Gu, Jiawei. (2014). Arquitectura en Cinco Ciudades de China en la Época Moderna (1840–1949): la Modernidad Occidental Frente a la Tradición Oriental [Architecture in Five Cities of China in the Modern Era (1840-1949): Western Modernity Versus Eastern Tradition]. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). University of Granada, Granada, Spain. [in Spanish].

Hinsley, F. N. (Ed.). (1962). The New Cambridge Modern History Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521045490

Hyatt Mayor, A. (1941, May). Chinoiserie. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 5(36). 111–114.

Iankovskaia, Iu. S. (2006). Arkhitekturnyi ob”ekt: obraz i morfologiya [Architectural object: image and morphology]. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Moscow Architectural Institute (State Academy), Moscow, Russia. [In Russian].

Ivanova, A. P. & Kradin, N. P. (2014, December). About studying architectural heritage of the Harbin city: “Chinese baroque”. Bulletin of PNU, 1(44), 31–40. [in Russian].

Jiang, Sheng. (2006). A brief introduction for the modernization of vernacular architecture in Lingnan. In Fuhe Zhang (Ed.), Study and Preservation of Chinese Modern Architecture. 5 (pp. 158–164). Beijing, China: Tsinghua University Press. [In Chinese].

Kim, A. A., & Luchkova, V. I. (2016). Sino-western style of architecture. Vestnik SGASU. Town Planning and Architecture, 1(22), 72–79. DOI: 10.17673/ Vestnik.2016.01.12 [In Russian].

Knox, P. L., & Pain, K. (2010). Globalization, neoliberalism and international homogeneity in architecture and urban development. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung, 5/6. 417–428.

Kradin, N. P. (2010). Harbin — russ-kaya Atlantida [Harbin—Russian Atlantis] (2nd ed.). Khabarovsk, Russia: Khabarovsk Territory Printing House. [In Russian]

Kuah-Pearce, K. E., & Jin, Hong. (2012). Cultural Heritage in Asia Series. Vol. 2. Kaiping Diaolou and the Chinese Diaspora Connection. Hong Kong, China: Teaching and Learning Quality Committee, The University of Hong.

Ledderose, L. (1991). Chinese influence on European art, sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. In T. H. C. Lee (Ed.), China and Europe: Images and Influences in Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries. Hong Kong, China: The Chinese University Press.

Levoshko, S., & Kirichkov, I. (2016). Tourist quarter “Chinese-baroque” of Dao Way district in Harbin city: experience, problems and perspectives of renovation. Paper presented at the 15th International Conference “Topical Problems of Architecture, Civil Engineering, Energy Efficiency and Ecology—2016”, Tyumen, Russia. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20167306003

Li, Ho Yin, & DiStefano, L. D. (2016, July). The Hong Kong shophouse. Con- text, 145, 13–15.

Li, Qi, & Liu, Daping. (2013). Research on the spatial form of the traditional courtyards in Harbin Daowai historic district. In V. I. Luchkova (Ed.), The New Ideas of New Century 2013: The Thirteen International Scientific Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1. (pp. 157–160). Khabarovsk, Russia: Pacific National University Publ.

Liang, S. Y. (2008, March). Where the courtyard meets the street spa- tial culture of the Li neighborhoods, Shanghai, 1870–1900. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 4(67), 482–503.

Luchkova, V. I. (2011). Istoriia kitaiskogo goroda [The History of Chinese City]. Khabarovsk, Russia: Pacific National University Publ. [In Russian]. Luchkova, V. I., & Kim, A. A. (2016). Evropeiskie vliyaniya v traditsionnoi arkhitekture Kitaya XVIII — nachala XX v. [European Influences in the Traditional Architecture of China in the 18th and Early 20th Centuries.]. Khabarovsk, Russia: Pacific National University Publ. [in Russian].

Milam, J. (2012). Toying with China: cosmopolitanism and chinoiserie in Russian garden design and building projects under Catherine the Great. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 1(25). 115–138. DOI: 10.3138/ecf.25.1.115.

Miljacki, A., & Reeser Lawrence, A. (2013). Critical appropriations: discur- sive networks of architectural ideas. In I. Berman & E. Mitchel (Eds.), New Constellations, New Ecologies : pro- ceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA) (pp. 797–801). Washington, DC: ACSA Press.

Neglinskaia, M. A. (2012). Shinuzari v Kitae: tsinskii stil’ v kitaiskom iskusstve perioda trekh velikikh pravlenii (1662– 1795) [Chinoiserie in China: Qing style in Chinese art of the period of the three great boards (1662–1795)]. Moscow, Russia: Sputnik+ Publ. [In Russian].

Pomorov, S. B. (2014). Terminology of nonlinear architecture and its application aspects, Vestnik of TSUAB, 3(44), 78–87. [in Russian].

Potter, G. R. (Ed.). (1957). The New Cambridge Modern History Vol. 1: The Renaissance, 1493–1520. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521045414

Quan, Fengmei, & Hou Qiqiang. (2008). Idyllic Habitation: Traditioal Houses of Southeast Asia. Nanjing, Chi- na: Southeast University Press.

Qui, Li-cai. (2001, February). From Hakkas earthen dwell houses to Hak- kas western-style houses. Journal of Jiaying University (Philosophy & Social Sciences), 1(19). 111–113. [In Chinese].

Ren, Xuefei. (2008, March). Forward to the past: historical preservation in globalizing Shanghai. City & Community, 1(7), 23–43.

Schumacher, P. (n. d.) Patrik Schumacher. Retrieved July 13, 2016, from: http://www.patrikschumacher.com.

Sklair, L. (2006, April). Iconic architecture and capitalist globalization. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 1(10). 21–47.

The State Administration of Cultural Heritage of the People’s Republic China. (2006). Kaiping Diaolou and Villages. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO World Heritage Centre Registration Number 1112). Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/ uploads/nominations/1112.pdf.

Thomas, G. M. (2009, February). Yuanming Yuan/Versailles : intercul- tural interactions between Chinese and European palace cultures. Art History, 1(32). 115–143.

Twitchett, D. C., & Mote, F. W. (Eds.). (1998). The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 8: The Ming Dynasty, Part 2: 1368–1644. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521243339

Walbank, F. W., Astin, A. E., Frederiksen, M. W., & Ogilvie, R. M. (Eds.). (1984). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 7. Part 1: The Hellenis- tic World (2nd ed.). Cambridge, En- gland: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521234450

Walbank, F. W., Astin, A. E., Frederiksen, M. W., & Ogilvie, R. M. (Eds.). (1989). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 8: Rome and the Mediter- ranean to 133 BC (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521234481

Yang, Yuping, & Jia, Beisi. (2010). A comparative study on the spatial patterns of Chinese row houses in colonial cities in the early 20th century. In J. A. Chica, P. Elguezabal, S. Meno & A. Amundarain (Eds.), O&SB2010— “Open and Sustainable Building”: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of the CIB W104 Open Building Implementation on “Open and Sustainable Building”, Organised Jointly With Tecnalia (pp. 300–314). Derio, Spain: Labein Tecnalia.

Ying, Zhu. (2009). Evidence of Existing Knowledge of China and Its Influence on European Art and Architecture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Yo, Zhenbo. (2013). Regulation of Urban Character: Style, Colour and Historic Character in a Modern Chinese City—the Case of Harbin. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). University of Manchester, Manchester, England.

Youfang, Wu. (2000). Stilisticheskie tendentsii “shinuazri” v russkom iskusstve vtoroi poloviny XVIII veka [Stylistic Trends of “Chinoiserie” in Russian Art of the Second Half of the 18th Century] (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). I. Repin St. Petersburg State Academy Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, St. Peters- burg, Russia. [In Russian].

Yu, Binyang (Ed.). (2005). Glance Back the Old City’s Charm of Harbin (1897–1949). Vol. 1. Beijing, China: China Architecture & Building Press.

Zhang, Jun. (2015). Rise and fall of the Qilou: metamorphosis of forms and meanings in the built environment of Guanqzhou. Traditional Dwelling and Settlements Review, 2(26), 25–40.

Zhang, Yingpin, & Fan, Wei (Eds.). (2003). The History and Civilization of China. (Zhang Jinquan et al., Transl.). Beijing, China: Central Party Litera- ture Publishing House. Zhao, Jing.ge. (2010). Research on the Art of Decorations of the Building. Elevation of Kaiping Diaolou. (Unpublished Master’s thesis). Soochow University, Suzhou, China.

Zhou, Hong (Ed.). (2003). Zhongguo guzhen you zhencang congshu.·Fujian, Guangdong fen juan [Chinese Ancient Town Tour Treasure Collection. Fujian, Guangdong Sub-volume]. Xi’an, China: Shaanxi Normal University Press. [In Chinese].