___

Adejumobi, S. (2006) Citizenship, Rights, and The Problem of Conflicts and Civil Wars in Africa, in C., Heyns and K., Stefiszyn (Edited) Human Rights, Peace and Justice in Africa: A Reader, (250-256), Pretoria:

Pretoria University Law Press.

Adejumobi, S. (2000) Elections in Africa: A fading shadow of Democracy? International Po- litical Science Review, 21 (1): 59-73.

Adetula, V.O.A. (2008) Money and Politics in Nigeria: An Overview, in V.O.A, Adetula (ed.) Money and Politics in Nigeria, (xxvii-xxxiv), Abuja: IFES.

Ake, C. (1991) Rethinking African Democracy, Journal of Democracy, 2: 239-244.

Ake, C. (1998) Globalisation, Multilateralism and the Shrinking Democratic Space, in M Schecter (ed.) Future Multilateralism: The Political and Social Framework, (179-195), Ba- singstoke: Macmillan.

Ake, C. (1981) “the State of Nigeria”, presidential address, in C. Edogun (Ed.) Nigeria: the Political Economy of Development: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Nigerian Political Science Association, NPSA, Port Harcourt: NPSA.

Amuwo, K (1992) the International (and Domestic) Context of Democratic Transition in Africa: Roadblocks to Democracy’, in B. Caron; A. Gboyega and E.E. Osaghae (Edited) Democratic Transition in Africa, Ibadan: Centre for Research, Documentation and Uni- versity Exchange, CREDU (9-13).

Amusan, L. (2016) “Social Sciences as Imperialism: Analysis of the Global Economic Crisis of 2008 and Development Gaps in the Third World States.” Journal of Administrative Sciences, 14(27): 7-26.

Amusan, L. (2006) Nigeria’s Bid for Permanent Representative of the United Nations Secu- rity Council: Options and Possibilities. Politeia, 25(2): 183-200.

Annan, K (1996) Causes of Conflict and the Promotion of Durable Peace and Sustainable Development in Africa, New York: Report of the United Nations secretary General.

Basedau, M.; Erdmann, G. and Mehler, A. (Eds.) (2007) Votes, Money and Violence: Political Parties and Elections in Sub-Sahara Africa. Uppsala: the Nordic Africa Institute.

Bekoe, D. (2010) ‘Trends in Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa’, United States Institu- te for Peace, Peace Brief No. 13.

Biennen, H and Herbst, J. (1996) the Relationship between Political and Economic Reform in Africa, Comparative Politics, 29 (1): 23-42.

Butler, A. (Ed.). (2010) Paying for Politics: Party Politics Funding and Political Change in South Africa and the Global South. Johanessburg: Jacana Press.

Chalker, L. (1991) Good Governance and the Aid Programme, London: The Overseas Develop- ment Administration.

Chomsky, N. (1991) ‘The Struggle for Democracy in a changed World’, Review of African Political Economy 50: 12-20.

Clapham, C. (2001) Rethinking African states, African Security Review, 10 (3): 7-17.

Dahl, R. (1982) Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy, New Haven: Yale University Press

Dahl, R. (1971) Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven: Yale University Press

Diamond, L.; Kirk-Greene, A. and Oyediran, O (Eds.) (1997) Transition without end: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida, Ibadan: Vantage Publishers.

Diamond, L. (1996) ‘Deepening Democracy?’ West Africa, 328: 4089 702.

Dorman, S.R. (2006) Post-liberation politics in Africa: Examining the political legacy of stru- ggle, Third World Quarterly 27 (6): 1085-1101.

Eleazu, U.O (1977) Federalism and Nation-building: The Nigerian Experience, 1954-1964, De- von: Arthur H. Stockwell Limited.

Goldstein, J. and Rotich, J. (2008) Digitally Networked Technology in Kenya’s 2007-2008 Post- Election Crisis, Internet and Democracy Case Study Series, Berkman Center Re- search Publication, No 9.

Graf, W. (1988) the Nigerian State, London: James Currey

Green, D. and Luehrmann, L. (2003) Comparative Politics of the Third World: Linking Concepts and Cases, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers

Hearn, J. (2000) Foreign Aid, Democratisation, and civil society in Africa: A study of South Africa, Ghana and Uganda, Institute for Development Studies, IDS, Discussion Paper, No. 3.

Herb, M. (2005) ‘No Representation without Taxation? Rents, Development and Democra- cy’, Comparative Politics, 37: (3): 297-316.

Herb, M (2000) Does reinterism protect Democracy?’ Paper delivered at the Annual Mee- ting of the American Political Science Association.

Heyns, C. and Stefiszyn, K (Eds.) 2006. Human Rights, Peace and Justice in Africa: A Reader, Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press.

Horowitz, D (1991) A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Human Rights Watch, (2003) The Warri Crisis: Fuelling violence, New York: Human Rights Watch.

IJeoma, E.O.C. (2002) ‘Policy and Governance Issues Impacting on Nigeria’s Globalisation Initiatives’, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

Jega, A. (2000) the State and Identity Transformation under Structural Adjustment in Ni- geria, in

A. Jega (Eds.) Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nige- ria, (24-40), Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.

John, P. (1997) Nigeria Unity and the Tensions of Democracy: Geo-cultural Zones and the North-South Legacies, in Paul A. Beckett & Crawford, Young (Eds) Dilemmas of Democ- racy (91-112), Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.

Joseph, R.A (1997) Democratization in Africa after 1989: Comparative and theoretical perspectives, Comparative Politics, 29 (3): 363-382.

Joseph, R. A. (1991) Africa: the Rebirth of Political Freedom, Journal of Democracy, 2 (fall): 11-24.

Joseph, R.A. (1987) Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: the Rise and Fall of the Second Republic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Joseph, R. A. (1981) ‘Ethnic Trap’: Notes on the Nigerian Campaign and Elections, 1978-79’, Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 11 (1-2): 17-23.

Kasfir, N (1976) the Shrinking Political Arena: Participation and Ethnicity in African Politics with a Case Study of Uganda, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kew, D (2005) Building democracy in 21st century Africa: Two Africas, one solution, The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, (Winter/Spring): 149-161.

Kriegler and Waki Reports on the 2007 Kenya Elections.

Kura, Y. (2005) Globalisation and Democracy- A dialectical framework for understanding democratisation in Nigeria.

Lofchie, M.F. (Edited) (1971) the State of Nations: Constraints on Development in Independent Africa, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Longman, T. (1999) State, Civil Society and Genocide in Rwanda, in R Joseph (Ed) State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publisher.

Maier, K. (2000) This House Has Fallen: Nigeria in Crisis. London: Penguin Books.

Peter, L. (1996) Endgame in Nigeria: the Politics of a failed Transition, African Affairs, 93: 323-340.

Mimiko, O. (1998) ‘The Political Economy of Human Rights Violations and the Imperative of Democratisation in Contemporary Africa’ in Yomi Dinakin et al (Eds.) Ado Rea- dings in Law, Vol. 1, Ado Ekiti: Faculty of Law, Ekiti State University.

Mustapha, A. (2002) ‘Coping with Diversity: The Nigerian State in Historical Perspecti- ve’ in Abdi Ismail Samatar & Ahmed Samatar (eds) The African State: Reconsiderations, Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Publishers

Naomi, C. (1991) Africa’s Democratic Challenge World Policy Journal, 9 (2): 279-307.

Obayemi, A. (1994) The Recurring Preamble: Cultural Historical Foundations and the Mo- dern State of Nigeria, in A, Mahadi; G.A., Kwanashie and M., Yakubu, (Eds) Nigeria: The State of the Nation and the Way Forward.

Ojukwu C.C. and Shopeju, J.O. (2010) ‘Elite Corruption and the Culture of Primitive

Accumulation in the 21st Century Nigeria’, International Journal of Peace and Development Studies, 1 (2): 18-20.

Okuko, J. (2006) ‘Beyond ‘third term’ politics in Uganda: The implications of proposed constitutional reforms for democratic governance’ Africa Insight, 36 (1): 289-306.

Onyeonoru, I (2003) Globalisation and Industrial Performance in Nigeria, Africa Develop- ment, XXVIII (3 & 4): 33-66.

Osabu-Kle, D.T. (2000) Compatible Cultural Democracy: the Key to Development in Africa, Peter- borough, Ontario: Broadview Press.

Oyedele, T. (2002) Privatisation and Economic Reform, The text of the paper delivered at a three-day Communication Workshop organized by the International Republican Ins- titute, Nigeria, for the Leaders of Political Parties in Nigeria at NICON Hotel, Abuja, on October 16.

Post, K.W.J. and Vickers, M. (1973) Structure and Conflict in Nigeria, 1960-1966, London: He- inemann

Przeworski, A. and Limongi, F. (2000) Democracy and Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Przeworski, A. (1988) ‘Democracy as a Contingent Outcome of Conflict’, in Elster, J. and Slagstad, R. (ed.) Constitutionalism and Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rodney, W. (1972) How Europe underdeveloped Africa, London: Bogle-L’Ouverture Publica- tions.

Sachs, J. and Warner, A. (1995) Economic Reform and the Process of Globalisation, Broo- kings Papers on Economic Activity, 1 (1-198): 61-63.

Saliu, H.A. and Omotola, J.S. (2008) ‘the National Political Reform Conference and the Fu- ture of Nigeria’s Democracy’, in Saliu, HA; Jimoh IH; Yusuf, N and EO Ojo Edited, Perspectives on Nation-Building and Development in Nigeria: Political and Legal Issues, Ilorin: Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, 168-196.

Sandbrook, R. (1993) The Politics of Africa’s Economic Recovery, Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press.

Sartori, G. (1969) ‘What democracy is not’ in C.F., Cnudde and D.E., Neubauer (Eds.) Empi- rical Democratic Theory, Chicago: Markham

Schmitter, P.C and Karl, T.L. (1991) ‘What democracy is...and is not ?’ Journal of Democracy, 2 (3): 75-88.

Sklar, R. (2003) ‘Nigeria: Completing Obasanjo’s legacy’, Journal of Democracy, 17 (3): 100- 115.

Soyinka, W. (1996) the Open Sore of a Continent: A Personal Narrative of the Nigerian Crisis, New York: Oxford University Press

Sparks, A. (1994) Tomorrow is Another Country: The Inside Story of South Africa’s Negotiated Revolution, Sandton: Struik Books.

Suberu, R. (1995) ‘Federalism, Ethnicity, and Regionalism’ unpublished paper presented at the Conference on Dilemmas of Democracy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, No- vember 10-12.

Thandika, M. (1997) Economic Policy-Making and the Consolidation of Democratic Institu- tions in Africa, in Havnevik and van Arkadie (Eds) Domination or Dialogue? Experien- ces and Prospects for African Development Cooperation, (24-47), Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute.

Tordoff, W. (1984) Government and Politics in Africa, London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ukiwo, U. (2005) On the Study of Ethnicity in Nigeria, Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE), Working Paper No. 12.

Van Wyk, J.K. (2007) Political leaders in Africa: Presidents, patrons or Profiteers? The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) Occasional Paper Series. 2 (1).

Van de Walle, N. (1999) Globalisation and African Democracy, in R. Joseph (Ed.) State, Conf- lict, and Democracy in Africa, London: Lynne Rienner.

Van de Walle, N. and Johnston, T (1996) Improving Aid to Africa, Policy Essay No. 21, Was- hington, DC: Overseas Development Council

Wenger, A. and Zimmerman, D. (2003) International Relations: From the Cold War to the Glo- balized World, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Whitehead, L. (2002) Democratisation-Theory and Experience, Oxford: Oxford University Press

World Bank (1994) Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results and the Road ahead, Washington, D.C: the World Bank. Newspapers

Abimboye, D. (2010) a nation’s Unbearable Burden, Newswatch July 12, pp. 12-21

Agbese, D. (2010) One Man’s Burden, Newswatch July 12, p.5

Leonard H Robinson, (2000) Clinton visit Raises hopes for Nigeria, Chicago Sun-Times, August 27.

Mbeki T (2006), Address at the launch of the Africa Leadership Initiative, Financial week, 25 May, p. 100

TELL Magazine Interview, Professor Ben Nwabueze 27 November 2000, p. 18.

TIME Magazine, 21 January 2008, p. 35

The Newswatch Magazine of 5 July 2010, pp. 34-35.

The Punch Newspaper 16 April 2001