Nükleer Silahların Yayılmasının Önlenmesi Anlaşması Çerçevesinde Nükleer Teknolojinin “İki Yüzlü” Yapısı

Nükleer teknolojinin “iki yüzlü” doğası gereği, barışçıl nükleer enerji programları çerçevesinde nükleer enerji üretme amacından sapan ülkelerin nükleer silaha sahip olabilecekleri de bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda, devletlerin nükleer teknolojinin kontrol edilmesi amacıyla uluslararası alanda bir düzenleme arayışlarının en somut meyvesi olarak karşımıza 1970 yılında yürürlüğe giren Nükleer Silahların Yayılmasının Önlenmesi Anlaşması (The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons- NPT) çıkmaktadır. Taraf devletleri “nükleer silah sahibi devletler” (nuclear weapons states) ve “nükleer silah sahibi olmayan devletler” (non-nuclear weapon states) olarak kategorize eden NPT, nükleer silahsızlanma amacının yanı sıra, nükleer teknolojinin bahsi geçen çift kullanımlı yapısını kontrol etme amacı taşıyan maddeler de içermektedir. Bu çalışma, nükleer teknolojinin barışçıl amaçlar dışında kullanımını önleme ve bu teknolojinin barışçıl amaçlarla kullanımı sağlama çabalarını NPT müzakereleri ve üç sütunlu yapısı kapsamında değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle nükleer teknolojinin çift kullanımlı yapısı hakkında teknik bilgi verilerek, NPT’nin yürürlüğe girdiği tarihe kadar geçen süreç içerisinde bu teknolojinin kontrolüne yönelik çabalar özetlenecektir. Daha sonra, NPT’nin üç sütunlu yapısı açıklanarak, Anlaşma müzakerelerinde barışçıl kullanım konusunun ne şekilde yer aldığı değerlendirilecektir. Son olarak, bu konunun İran ile Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi üyesi beş devlet ve Almanya (P5+1) arasında sonuçlandırılan Kapsamalı Ortak Eylem Planı (KOEP) çerçevesinde değerlendirmesi yapılacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Nükleer teknolojinin barışçıl kullanımı, Nükleer Silahların

Yayılmasının Önlenmesi Anlaşması (NPT), Kapsamalı Ortak Eylem Planı (KOEP)

It is known that, due to the “dual use” nature of nuclear technology countries can divert their nuclear energy programs from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons programs. In this regard, with the aim of controlling nuclear technology we see the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) as the most substantial fruit on the international level. NPT which categorizes its parties as the nuclear weapon states (NWS) and non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS) includes wide range of articles from achieving nuclear disarmament to controlling dual use structure of nuclear technology.This study aims to assess the efforts to prevent non-peaceful use of nuclear technology as well as the efforts to enable it peaceful use in the framework of NPT negotiations and three-pillar structure. Firstly, it provides a technical background regarding the dual use structure of nuclear technology and summarizes the attempts to control it during the period until the Treaty came into force. Departing from this point, it evaluates the status of peaceful use issue in the Treaty negotiations and in the three-pillar structure of the NPT. Finally, it assesses this issue in the light of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) which was concluded between permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and Germany (P5+1 countries) and Iran

Keywords:

Peaceful use of nuclear technology, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of,

PDF

___

“Working paper submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran on Nuclear Disarmament”, NPT/CONF.2010/WP.49.
“The 2010 NPT Review Cycle So Far: A view from the United States of America”, Dr. Chris- topher A. Ford, United States Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation, 20 December 2007. https://2001-2009.state.gov/t/isn/rls/rm/98382.htm(12.10.2014)
Blake, Aaron. “Kerry on Iran: ‘We do not recognize a right to enrich’”, Washington Post, November 24, 2013. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/ wp/2013/11/24/kerry-on-iran-we-do-not-recognize-a-right-to-enrich/(07.06.2016)
Bunn, George. “The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: History and Current Problems.” Arms Control Today, December, 2003. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2003_12/ Bunn(14.02.2014)
Grotto,Andrew. “Why Do States That Oppose Nuclear Proliferation Resist New Nonpro- liferation Obligations?: Three Logics Of Nonproliferation Decisionmaking”, Cardozo Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 18, No.1, 2010.
Ford, Christopher A. “Debating Disarmament: Interpreting Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.” The Nonproliferation Review 14, no. 3, 2007, s. 401-428.
Ford, Christopher A. “Nuclear Technology Rights and Wrongs: The NPT, Article IV, and Nonproliferation”, (içinde) Henry Sokolski (ed.), Reviewing the Nuclear Nonproliferation- Treaty, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2010.
Fuhrmann, Matthew. “Spreading Temptation: Proliferation and Peaceful Nuclear Coopera- tion Agreements.” International Security, Vol.34, No. 1, 2009, s. 7-41.
Fuhrmann, Matthew. Atomic Assistance: How “Atoms for Peace” Programs Cause Nuclear Inse- curity, Cornell University Press. 2012.
International Atomic Energy Agency, Power Reactor Information System (PRIS), Opera- tional Reactors, https://www.iaea.org/PRIS/WorldStatistics/OperationalReactorsBy- Country.aspx (15.06.2016)
International Court of Justice, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996. http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/95/7497.pdf (20.11.2015)
Kile, Shannon N.; Kristensen, Hans M. “Trends In World Nuclear Forces, 2016”, SIPRI Fact Sheet June 2016, https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/FS%201606%20WNF_Em- bargo_Final%20A.pdf (15.06.2016)
International Atomic Energy Agency, The Statute of the IAEA (as amended up to 23 February 1989), https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/statute.pdf (15.05.2015)
Joyner, Daniel. Interpreting the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, Oxford University Press, 2011.
Miller, Marvin. “The Nuclear Dilemma: Power Proliferation and Development,” Technology Review (May 1979), pp.18-20.
Müller, Harald; Fischer, David; Kötter Wolfgang. Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Global Order, Oxford University Press, 1994.
Pilat, Joseph F. (ed.), Atoms for Peace:A Future after FiftyYears? Baltimore, MD: Johns Hop- kins University Press/Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2007
Potter, William C.; Mukhatzhanova Gaukhar. Nuclear Politics and the Non-Aligned Move- ment: Principles vs Pragmatism. Routledge, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Adelphi Series, 2012.
Resmi Gazete, Nükleer Silahların Yayılmasının Önlenmesine İlişkin Antlaşma (NPT), 28 Kasım 1979, Sayı: 16823. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16823.pdf (12.05.2015)
Shaker, Mohamed I. “The Non Proliferation Treaty Regime: A Rereading Before 1995” (içinde), Pilat, Joseph F.; Pendley Robert E. (eds.), Beyond 1995: The Future of the NPT Regime, Plenum Press, New York, 1990, 7-15.
Shaker, Mohamed I. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: Origin and Implementation, 1959- 1979. 3 vols. London: Oceana Publications, 1980.
Stulberg, Adam N.; Fuhrmann, Matthew. The Nuclear Renaissance and International Security, Stanford University Press, 2013.
Suzuki, Tatsujiro. “Nuclear Power and Proliferation”, Joseph Pilat; Nathan E. Busch (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Nuclear Proliferation and Policy (içinde), Abingdon: Routled- ge, 2015.
TAEK, http://www.taek.gov.tr/nukleer-guvenlik/nukleer-enerji-ve-reaktorler/166-gunu- muzde-nukleer-enerji-rapor/437-bolum-03-nukleer-yakit-cevrimi.html (15.02.2015)
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. http://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2005/ npttreaty.html
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2028 (XX), “Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.”, 19 November, 1965. https://documentsddsny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/ GEN/NR0/217/91/IMG/NR021791.pdf?OpenElement (15.02.2014)
United Nations General Assembly, Resolution 1665 (XVI), “Prevention Of The Wider Disse- mination Of Nuclear Weapons”, 4 December 1961. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/ doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/167/18/IMG/NR016718.pdf?OpenElement (15.02.2014)
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2231, 20 July 2015http://www.un.org/en/ga/ search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2231(2015)(15.05.2016)