Askeri Organizasyonlarda Farklılıkların Yönetimi: ABD Hava Kuvvetleri Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Günümüzde toplumların demografik yapısının değişmesi, küreselleşmenin artması ve teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte bireysel ve grup farklılıkları daha belirgin ve görünür hale gelmiş, toplumları ve örgütleri derinden etkilemiştir. Özel kesimde işletme mantığı gereği bu farklılıkların etkin bir şekilde yönetebilmesi durumunda yaratıcılık ve yenilikçilik gelişmekte, müşteri pazarı artırarak rekabet üstünlüğü elde edilmektedir. Kamu yönetiminde ise farklılıkların yönetimi kavramı daha geniş bir kapsamda “eşit istihdam fırsatı” “adil uygulamalar” ve “temsili bürokrasi” kavramlarıyla birlikte tartışılmaktadır. ABD kamu yönetiminde sivil kurumların yanı sıra askeri kurumlarda da farklılıkların yönetimi anlayışı uygulanmaktadır. ABD Silahlı Kuvvetleri ve özelde ABD Hava Kuvvetleri; hazır bulunuşluğu sağlaması, görevin etkinliğini artırması ve takım odaklı çalışmaları desteklemesi nedeniyle farklılıkların yönetimi anlayışını ulusal güvenlik için “askeri bir zorunluluk” olarak kabul etmektedir. ABD Hava Kuvvetlerinde uygulanan farklılıkların yönetimi anlayışı kurumun çekici kılınması çalışmalarıyla birlikte başlayan, personelin temin edilmesi, bireysel/mesleki gelişimlerinin sağlanması ve elde tutulması ile devam eden uzun süreçli ve çok yönlü bir insan kaynakları yönetimi tekniğidir. Bu çalışmada normatif düzeyde bir içerik analizi yapılarak ABD Hava Kuvvetlerinin benimsemiş olduğu farklılıkların yönetimi anlayışında nelerin olması gerektiğinin belirlenmesine çalışılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Farklılıkların Yönetimi, Askeri Organizasyonlar

Management of Diversity in Military Organizations: A Case Study of USAF

Nowadays, it is deeply affected organizations by the change of the demographic structure of society, increase of individual (sex, age) and group differences (ethnic, race etc.) that has become more pronounced and visible, with the development of globalization and technology. When differences are managed effectively due to the business case it makes enhance creativity and innovation of organization, provide a competitive advantage. The management of diversity in public organizations is discussed with the concepts of “equal employment opportunity,” “fair practices” and “representative bureaucracy”. Diversitymanagement is a public policy in the United States, consisting of multidimensional and comprehensive human resource management practices. The concept of diversity is implemented in military institutions as well as civil institutions of US public administration. Diversity is seen as “military necessity” for national security because it makes increase the effectiveness of the mission readiness by providing and supporting team-oriented management approach in US Armed Forces and in particular the US Air Force (USAF). The approach of diversity management applied in USAF is one of the human resource management techniques, begins with attractive rendering the work, to provide staff, individual / provision of professional development and continue with the retention of which is a long process and a versatile personnel management approach. In this paper, it has been tried to determine what should be the approach of diversity management which has been adopted by the US Air Force by performing a content analysis as normative

Keywords:

Diversity Management, Military Organizations US Air Force, HRM Techniques,

PDF

___

AFI 1-1, (USAF Instruction), Air Force Culture, 2012 (http://www.180fw.ang.af.mil/ shared/media/document/AFD-120820-005.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2015).
AFI 36-7001, (USAF Instruction), Diversity, 2012 (http://www.af.mil/Portals/1/ do- cuments/diversity/afi-36-7001-diversity.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2015).
Cox, Taylor, “The Multicultural Organization”, The Academy of Management Execu- tive, Vol.5, No.(2), ss.34–47, 1991.
Currin, Scovill Wannamaker, Turning Aspiraiıons Into Reality: Ensuring Female And Minority Representation In The Us Air Force Officer Corps And Senior Leader Ranks, A Thesis Presented To The Faculty Of The School Of Advanced Air And Space Studies For Completion Of Graduation Requirements School Of Advanced Air And Space Studies Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, 2009.
Daft, Richard, Management, Ninth Edition, South-Western, Cengage Learning, Ca- nada, 2010.
Dansby, Mickey R., “Cultural Diversity and Gender Issues”, Managing Diversity in the Military: Research Perspectives from the Defense Equal Opportunity Manage- ment Institute, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, 2001, ss.:299-329, 2001.
Dansby, Mickey R., James B. Stewart, Schuyler C. Webb (eds.), Managing Diversity in the Military: Research Perspectives from the Defense Equal Opportunity Mana- gement Institute, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, 2001, ss.: 3-8, 2001.
Griffin, Ricky W. and Gregory Moorhead, Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations, South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2014.
http://www.afmc.af.mil/
http://www.af.mil/Home.aspx
https://www.whitehouse.gov
http://www.trumanlibrary.org
Kraus, Amanda, Apriel K. Hodari, Martha Farnsworth Riche and Jennie W. Wen- ger, The Impact of Diversity on Air Force Mission Performance: Analysis of Deployed Servicemembers’ Perceptions of the Diversity/Capability Relationship, CNA Rese- arch Memorandum, Alexandria, Virginia, 2007.
Lim, Nelson, Michelle Cho, Kimberly Curry, Plannıng For Diversity: Options and Recommendations for DoD Leaders, RAND National Defense Research Institute, 2008.
MLDC (Military Leadership Diversity Commission), Final Report, From Represen- tation to Inclusion: Diversity Leadership For The 21st-Century Military, Arlington- Washington, 2011 (http://diversity.defense.gov/Portals/51/Documents/Speci- al%20 Feature/MLDC FinalReport. pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2015).
ODMEO (Department of Defense (DoD) Office of Diversity Management and Equ- al Opportunity), DoD Diversity and Inclusion 2013 Summary Report, 2013 (http:// diversity.defense.gov/Reports.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2015).
Passel, Jeffrey S., Cohn D’Vera, U.S. Population Projections: 2005–2050, Pew Rese- arch Center, 2008 (http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/85.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2014).
Parco, James E., David A. Levy, Attitudes Aren’t Free: Thinking Deeply about Diversity in the US Armed Forces, Air University Press ,Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, 2010.
Pitts, David W., “Diversity, Representation & Performance: Evidence about Race & Ethnicity in Public Organizations”, 7th National Public Management Rese- arch Conference, Washington, 2003.
Riccucci, Norma, Managing Diversity In Public Sector Workforces, In Essentials of Pub- lic Policy & Administration, New York, Westview Press, 2002.
Scoppio, Grazia, “Diversity Best Practices In Military Organizations In Canada, Australia, The United Kingdom, And The United States”, Canadian Military Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2009, ss.: 17-30, 2009.
Streeter, Suzanne M., The Air Force and Diversity: The Awkward Embrace, Air & Space Power Journal, May–June 2014, ss.104-132, 2014.
Thomas, David, Robin Ely, “Making Differences Matter: A New Paradigm for Ma- naging Diversity”, Harvard Business Review, Sept.-Oct., 1–12, 1996.
Thomas, R. Roosevelt JR., “From Affirmative Action to Affirming Diversity”, Har- vard Business Review on Managing Diversity, Harvard Business School Press, 2001.
USAF-AF/A1DV, Diversity Strategic Roadmap, 2013 (http://www.af.mil/Por- tals/1/ documents/diversity/diversity-strategic-roadmap.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2015).
US DoD, Budget For Fiscal Year 2013, K.Manpower, Military and Strength and Civi- lian Manpower, 2012.