Afrika’da Dekolonizasyon ve Pan-Afrikanizm

Bu çalışma, Pan-Afrikanizmin kökenlerini, kölelik ve kolonileşme ile yıpranmış Afrikalı kimliğinin ve kaderinin yeniden inşası için çeşitli dekolonizasyon projelerini ve bunun sonucunda meydana gelen dinamikleri incelemektedir.Bu meşhuır pan-afrikanist ve dekolonizasyon destekçilerinin dayandığı temel prensip ‘birlikte ayakta duruyoruz, ayrılırsak düşeriz’ klişesiyle birlikte karakterize edilmiştir. Bu projelerin başarısının boyutları, bu çabaların Afrika’daki gelişimin seyrini nasıl değiştirdiği çerçevesinde ele alınarak çalışmanın temel noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Samir Amin’in bakış açısına gore, dekolonizasyonun yeniden inşası ideolojisi, insanların varoluşlarını ve bu varoluşta ne yaptıklarını tanımlamalarına olanak sağlayan en itici güçtür. Bu projenin temelinde, ironik olarak, Afrika’nın gelişimine olan ihtiyacın yalnızca kıtayı sömürgeleştirmenin meşruluk kazanması olduğunu düşünen kolonyal sistemin savunucuları tarafından planlanmış varoluş nedeni projesinin ne şekilde gelişeceği sorusu vardır.Her ne kadar bu iddianın doğruluğu yetersiz kalsa da, üstün uygarlığın kendinden düşük seviyedeki uygarlığı fethetmesinin bir görev olduğunu ve bu sayede tüm dünyaya zenginlik ve ilerleme getireceğini ileri sürmektedirler. Bu açıklamalar sıklıkla, ‘uygarlaşma misyonu’ veya bazı Avrupalılarca desteklenen ‘beyaz adamın sorumluluğu’ gibi ırkçı söylemlere bürünmektedir. Bu çalışma, Pan-Afrikanizmi ve dekolonizasyon çabalarını, bunları vizyon, ilham ve başarıları ışığında, felsefenin analitik ve eleştirel araçlarını kullanarak incelemektedir. Çalışma, kelimelerin eylem ve taahütlerle eşleşmesi gerektiğini söyleyerek sonlanmaktadır

Decolonization in Africa and Pan-Africanism

This paper critically examines the origin of Pan-Africanism and various decolonization projects to reconstruct African identity and destiny battered by slavery and colonialism and the dynamics of their aftermath. The underlying principle of these celebrated pan africanists is captured in the cliché ‘united we stand, divided we fall’ as unity stood out as one of the hallmarks of these pan africanists and proponents of decolonization. The extent to which these projects were successful is central to this paper within the context of how these efforts have been able to change the course of development across Africa. Such reconstruction of decolonization ideology in Samir Amin’s view is the vibrant force that enables a people to define their existence and all they do in that existence. Central to this project is the question of development which quite ironically was the orchestrated raison d’etre projected by the apologists of the colonial system that the need to develop Africa is a justification to colonize the continent. Though the veracity of this claim left much to be desired, they had contended that it was the duty of the higher civilization to conquer the lower civilizations so as to bring prosperity and progress to all parts of the world. Such declarations were often couched in such racial phraseologies as the “civilizing mission” or the “white man’s burden”, as held by some Europeans. This paper uses the analytical and critical tools of philosophy to review the pan African and decolonialization efforts in the light of their vision, aspirations and successes. The paper concludes amongst other matters that words should be matched with actions and commitment

___

  • Alli, Wariz, “China – African Relations and the Increasing Competition for Ac- cess to Africa’s Natural Resources.” KADA: Journal of Liberal Arts. Vol.1, No.1 (2007), 1-7.
  • Bakpetu, Thompson. Africa and Unity: The Evolution of Pan-Africanism. London: Longman Publishers, 2008.
  • Barrett Lindsay. 2007. Africa and The Information Age: Where is the Good News? Daily Sun, August 23, 2007.
  • Efemini O. Andrew ed. Ake and African Development: Selected Issues. Port Harcourt: Paragraphics, 2002.
  • Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann, New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1967.
  • Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington, London: Pen- guin Books, 1967.
  • Gbenga Fasiku. “African Philosophy and the Method of Ordinary Language Phi- losophy” Journal of Pan African Studies. Vol.2, No.3, (2008), 100-116.
  • Henriot, Peter. Globalization: Implications For Africa. Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection. Lusaka, 12 January 1998.
  • Makumba M. Maurice. Introduction to African Philosophy: Past and Present. Nairobi; Paulines Publications Africa, 2007.
  • Martin Phillis & Mabi Patrick (Eds.). Africa. Third Edition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.
  • Mbonjo, Moukoko Pierre. The Political Thought of Kwame Nkrumah: A Comprehensive Presentation. Lagos: University of Lagos Press. 1998.
  • Meredith, Martin. The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. London: The Free Press, 2006.
  • Njoku, Francis O.C., Essays in African Philosophy, Thought & Theology. Owerri: Clar- etian Institute of Philosophy Publications, 2002.
  • Nkrumah, Kwameh. Towards Colonial Freedom. London: Panaf Books. 1962.
  • Nwoko, Matthew. Basic World Political Theories. 2nd edition by F.O.C. Njoku. Enugu: Snaap Press Nig Ltd, 2006.
  • Obi, Oguejiofor, ed. Africa: Philosophy and Public Affairs. Enugu: Delta Publications, 1998.
  • Ogbunwezeh, Franklyn. African Poverty As Failure of Leadership. A paper presented at at the Afrikan Wissenschaft Tag, organized by the African Development Ini- tiative, Frankfurt am Main, on the 22nd October, 2005.
  • Ogbunwezeh, Franklyn. Africa: The Ontology of Failed States sourced from http:// www.dawodu.com/ogbunwezeh1.htm (accessed Oct, 02, 2010).
  • Otite, Onigu (ed.). Themes in African Social and Political Thought. Ibadan: Fourh Di- mension Publishers. 1978.
  • “Pan-Africanism - Origins And Development Of Pan-africanism, Transnational Pan-africanism, Pan-africanism In The Early Twentieth Century” - Africans, Pan, Political, Africanism, Cultural, and African http://science.jrank.org/pag- es/7943/Pan-Africanism.html#ixzz0vou2c8V5 (accessed Oct. 02, 2010).
  • Ramirez, Paula Garcia. “Cultural Decolonization as an African Literary Movement: The Case of Ngugi Wa Thiong’o” Jean: Universdad de Jaen, 2007: 23-31.
  • Soyinka, Wole. Myth, Literature and the African World. Cambridge University Press, 1976.
  • Whitess Snow. “Why Did the Decolonisation in Africa take place so Rapidly Around the Years of 1960’s”? http://hubpages.com/hub.(accessed Oct. 02, 2010).
  • Wilmot, Patrick F. In Search of Nationhood: The Theory and Practice of Nationalism in Africa. Ibadan: Lantern Books. 1979.
  • Wiredu, Kwasi. ed. A Companion to African Philosophy. Malden: Blackwell Publish- ers, 2004.