A Research Study About Time Use Of Managers During Decision Process

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yöneticilerin karar süreçlerindeki zamanlarını nasıl kullandıklarını, bu sürecin hangi aşamasına kadar geldiklerinin tespit edilmesidir. Çalışma grubu Türkiye’de Gümüşhane ve Bayburt illeri özel ve kamu sektörü yöneticilerini kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada yöneticilerin karar sürecinde, problemi fark etme zamanları, problemi tanımlama zamanları, problemi çözme zamanları ve değişik durumlar karşısındaki karar zamanları ve bu sürecin kendi içerisindeki farklılıkları sektörde (özel-kamu), yönetici eğitim durumu, statüsü, cinsiyeti, yaşı, tecrübesi ve kurumun (işletmenin) faaliyet alanlarına uyarlanmış ve anlamlı farklılıklar elde edilmiştir

A Research Study About Time Use Of Managers During Decision Process Abstract

This study is an attempt to determine “time spent” in managerial decisions and the process of decision making in managers’ point of view. The participants are consisted of the managers of corporations and governmental organizations in Gumushane and Bayburt. The study presents the perceptions of the managers’s lenght of time in recognizing the problem, defining the problem, solving the problem,and decision making in various circumstances. The variables are correlated with demographic features namely, the sector worked in ,educational status, the managerial position, gender, age, vocational experince, and the area of sectoral activity

___

Adair, John. Mehmet Tarık Atay (Ed.). Karar Verme ve Problem Çözme (Çev. Nur- dan Kalaycı), Etkin Karar Verme Sanatı içinde (17-32), Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara 2000.

Adair, John. Effective Decision Making (Çev.: Salih Fatih Güneş), 2. Baskı, Babıali Kültür Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2005.

Adamus, Magdalena and Markiewicz, Piotr, ‘Psycho-Physical Factors of the Deci- sion Making Process’, Intellectual Economics 6, Vol. 3, No.15, 2012, s. 365-376.

Altunışık, Remzi; Coşkun, Recai; Bayraktaroğlu, Serkan; Yıldırım, Engin. Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: SPSS Uygulamaları, 4. Baskı, Sakarya Kita- bevi, Sakarya 2005.

Arbon, Chyleen A., Facer, Rex. L., PhD, and Wadsworth, Lori, ‘Compressed Work- weeks-Strategies for Successful Implementation’, Public Personnel Manage- ment, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2012, s. 389-405.

Armesh, Hamed, ‘‘Decision Making’’, Global Economy and Finance Journal (Ses- sion: Management), (Ed. Zia Haqq), (483-506), (12th International Business Re- search Conference Program: Crowne Plaza Hotel, 2010).

Aşkun, İnal Cem; Tokat, Bülent. İşletmelerde Yönetim ve Organizasyon, Ekin Ba- sım Yayın Dağıtım, Bursa 2010.

Barker, Alan. How to be a Better… Decision Maker, (Çev.: Ali Çimen), 1. Baskı, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul 1999.

Beach, Lee Roy and Mitchell, Terence R., ‘A Contingency Model fort he Selection of Decision Strategies’, Academy of Management,Vol. 3, No. 3, 1978, s. 439-449.

Bhunia, Amalendu, ‘Study the İmpact of Organizational and Conceptual Factors on Manager’s Decision Making’, Journal of Social Welfare and Management, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2012, s. 90-96.

Boehm, George A.W., ‘Shaping Decisions With Systems Analysis’, Harvard Busi- ness Review, No. 54, 1976, s. 91-99.

Brannen, S.J., ‘Teaching Managers how to İmprove Their Decision-Making Proces- ses’, Journal of Farm Economics, No. 43, 1961, s. 1278-1284

Bulut, Yakup ve Bakan, İsmail, ‘Yönetici ve Yöneticilik Üzerine Kahramanmaraş Kentinde Bir Araştırma’, SÜ İİBF Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, No. 9, 2005, s. 63-89.

Carneiro, Alberto, ‘The Role of Intelligent Resources in Knowledge Management’, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2001, s. 358-367.

Cenkseven-Önder, Fulya, ‘The Influence of Decision-Making Styles on Early Ado- lescents’ Life Satisfaction’, Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 40, No. 9, 2012, s. 1523-1536.

Chen, Shin T. and Chang, Bao G., ‘The Effects of Absorptive Capacity and Decision Speed on Organizational Innovation: A Study or Organizational Structure as an Antecedent Variable’, Contemporary Management Research Pages, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2012, s. 27-50.

Cheng, Long, Ming, Zhong and Z. Wei, ‘The Effects of Conflict on Conflict on Team Decision Making’, Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2011, s. 189- 198.

Chermack, Thomas J., ‘Improving Decision-Making with Scenario Planning’, Jour- nal: Futures, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2004, s. 295-309.

Cohen, Gary B., ‘Strengthen Decision Making By Asking the Right questions’, Lea- der to Leader, No. 56, 2010, s. 39-42.

Conlow, Rick. Yönetimde Mükemmellik: İnsanlardaki En İyiyi Nasıl Ortaya Çıka- rırsınız, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul 1999.

Cooper, Joseph D. Art of Decision Mating, (Çev.: Alp E. Arslan), Emre Yayınları, İstanbul 2000.

Cooper, Robin and Kaplan, Robert S., ‘Measure Costs Right: Make the Right Deci- sions’, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 66, No. 5, 1988, s. 96-103.

Daft, Richard L. and Weick, Karl E., ‘Toward a Model of Organizations as Interpre- tation Systems’, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1984, s. 284- 295.

Davitson, H. Justin and Trueblood, Robert M., ‘Karar Almaya Dönük Muhasebe’ (Çev.: Davut Aydın), Eskişehir İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi Dergisi,

Denning, Peter J. and Raj, Ritu, ‘The Profession of IT Managing Time, Part 2’, Com- munications of The Acm, Vol. 54, No. 9, 2011 s. 31-33.

Duque, Mary Jane, Turla, Caroline and Evangelista, Lucille, ‘Effects of Emotional State on Decision Making Time’, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 97, No. 6, 2013, s. 137-146.

Einhorn, J. Hillel; Hogarth, M. Robin, Managing Uncertainty, Belirsizliği Yönet- mek, Karar Alma (Çev.: Gündüz Bulut), Harward Business Review Dergisin- den Seçmeler, 7. Baskı, Mess Yayınları, İstanbul 1999.

Emhan, Abdurrahim, ‘Karar Verme Süreci ve Bu Süreçte Bilişim Sistemlerinin Kul- lanılması’, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 6, No. 21, 2007, s. 212-224.

Eren, Erol. Yönetim ve Organizasyon Çağdaş ve Küresel Yaklaşımlar, 9. Baskı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul 2003.

Fisher, Craig W., Chengular-Smith, I. and Ballou, Donald, ‘The Impact of Experi- mence and Time on the Use of Data Quality Information in Decision Making’, Information Systems Research, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2003, s. 170-188.

Fredrickson, James W. (1985), ‘‘Effects of Decision Motive and Organizational Per- formance Level on Strategic Decision Processes’’, Academy of Management, Vol 28, No: 4, s. 821-843.

Fritzsche, David J., ‘A Model of Decision-Making Incorporating Ethical Values’, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 10, No. 11, 1991, s. 841-852.

Gati Itamar, Gadassi Reuma and Mashiah-Cohen Rona, ‘Career Decision-Making Profiles vs. Styles: Convergent and İncremental Validity’, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 81, No. 1, 2012, s. 2-16.

Geng Xianjun, Lin Lihui and Whinston Andrew, ‘Effects of Organizational Lear- ning and Knowledge Transfer on Investment Decisions Under Uncertainty’, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2009, s. 123-145.

Ho Joanna L. Y., L. R. Keller and P. Keltyka, ‘How Do Information Ambiguity and Timing of Contextual Information Affect Managers’ Goal Congruence in Ma- king Investment Decision in Good Times vs. Bad Times?’, The Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2005, s. 163-186.

Hodgetts, Richard M. Canan Çetin (Ed.) ‘Karar Almanın Temel Kuralları’, Mana- gement: Theory, Process and Practice (Çev.: Canan Çetin ve Esin Can Mutlu) içinde (169-191), 2. Baskı, Der Yayınları, İstanbul 1997.

Hsieh Nien-he, ‘Maximization Incomparability, and Managerial Choice’, Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2007, s. 497-513.

Huber Oswald, W. Huber Odilo and S. Bar Arlette, ‘Information Search and Mental Representetion in Risky Decision Making: The Advanteges First Principle’, Jo- urnal of Behavioral Decision Making, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2011, s. 223-248.

Jones, Curtis H., ‘The Money Value of Time’, By Gına Imperato, No. 31, 1999, s. 94-101.

Keinan Giora, ‘Decision Making Under Stress: Scanning of Alternatives Under Controllable and Uncontrollable Threats’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 52, No. 3, 1987, s. 639-644.

Kerr Norbert L. and Tindale R. Scott, ‘Group Performance and Decision Making’, Annual Review Psychology, Vol. 55, 2004, s. 623-655.

Kolasa, Blair J. İşletmeler için Davranış Bilimlerine Giriş (Çev.: Kemal Tosun, Fulya Aykar, Tomris Somay ve Mirgün Menteşe), İ.Ü. İşl. Fak. İşl. İkt. Ens. Dav. Bil. Ens., İstanbul 1969.

Kunc, Martin H. and Morecroft, John D. W., ‘Managerial Decision Making and Firm Performance Under a Resource-Based Paradigm’, Strategic Management Journal, No. 31, 2010, s. 1164-1182.

Lakatos, Artur, ‘Time Management in Institutions - A Managerial Approach’, Phi- lobiblon, No. 15, 2010, s. 310-325.

Leaptrott, John and McDonald, Michael, ‘The Conflict Between Work and Family Roles: The Effects on Managers’ Reliance on Information Sources in Dealing With Significant Workplace Events’, Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business, Vol. 2, 2010, s. 1-12.

Leidecker, Joel K. and Hall, James L., ‘A New Justification for Participative Mana- gement’, Human Resource Management, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1974, s. 28-31.

Lenk Klaus, ‘Relating Knowledge Management in the Public Sector to Decision- Making and Administrative Action’, Schriftenreihe Informatik, No. 7, 2002, s. 61-66.

Lipshitz Raanan and Strauss Orna, ‘Coping with Uncertainty: A Naturalistic Deci- sion – Making Analysis’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Pro- cesses, Vol. 69, No. 2, 1997, s. 149-163.

Luecke, Richard. Harvard Busıness School Press, Karar Almak (Çev.: Aslı Özer), Türkiye İş Bankası: Kültür Yayınları 2008.

Mahmood Rana H., S. Murtaza, F. Noor and K. Rehman, ‘Effets of Demographic Factors on Risky Decision-Making Behavior’, European Journal of Social Sci- ences, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2011, s. 69-76.

McFarlin Dean B., Sweeney Paul D. and Cotton Jphn L., ‘Attitudes Toward Emplo- yee Participation in Decision-Making: A Comparison of European and Ame- rican Manager in a United States Multinational Company’ (Çev.: H. Şebnem Seçer), Human Resource Management Winter, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1992, s. 107-135.

McKenna John P., ‘Moving Toward Real-Time Data Warehousing’, Business Intel- ligence Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2011, s. 14-19.

Metzger Lawrence, ‘The Control Environment and Decision-Making’, Journal of Goverment Financial Management, Vol. 56, No. 4, 2007, s. 38-46.

Michael Stephen R., ‘Control, Contingency and Delegation in Decision-Making’, Training and Development Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2, 1979, s. 36-42.

Nastase Marian, ‘Leadership and Management of Change During A Crisis Time’, Economic Series, Vol. 1, No. 10, 2010, s. 39-47.

Nutt Paul C., ‘Types of Organizational Decision Processes’, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 3, 1984, s. 414-450.

Oliver, Diane E. and Hioco, Barbara, ‘An Ethical Decision-Making Framework for Community College Administrators’, Community College Review, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2012, s. 240-254.

Özalp İnan, Besler Senem ve Oruç İlke, ‘İşletmelerde Yöneticilerin Stratejik Araç Algısı ve Kullanım Amaçları’, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi,

Payne John W., ‘Task Complexity and Contingent Processing in Decision Making: An Information Search and Protocol Analysis’, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1976, s. 366-387.

Perlow Leslie A., Okhuysen Gerardo A. and Repenning Nelson P., ‘The Speed Trap: Exploring the Relationship Between Decision Making and Temporal Context’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45, No. 5, Oct., 2002, s. 931-955.

Pinfield Lawrence T., ‘A Field Evaluation of Perspectives on Organizational Decisi- on Making’, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 3, 1986, s. 365-388.

Polic Marko, ‘Decision Making: Between Rationality and Reality’, Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2009, s. 78-89.

Pollay Richard W., ‘The Structure of Executive Decisions and Decision Times’, Ad- ministrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1970, s. 459-471.

Roberto Michael A., ‘Making Difficult Decisions in Turbulent Times’, Ivey Business Journal, Vol. 67, No. 5, 2003, s. 1-7.

Roesch Roberta , Time Management For Busy People (Çev.: Selim Yeniçeri), 1. Bas- kı, Beyaz Yayınları, İstanbul 2007.

Rogers Paul and Blenko Marcıa, Harwerd Business Review on Making Smarter De- cision (Çev.: Ahmet Kardam), Harvard Business Review, Mess, İstanbul 2007.

Rotarescu Eugen, ‘Alternative Selection Under Risk Conditions in Human Resour- ces Training and Development Through the Application of the Estimated Mo- netary Value and Decision Tree Analysis’, Revista Academiei Fortelor Terestre, Vol. 4, No. 60, 2010, s. 468-475.

Sabuncuoğlu Zeyyat; Paşa Muammer ve Kaymaz Kurtuluş, Zaman Yönetimi, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.

Sauter Vicki L., ‘Intuıtıve Decision – Making’, Communications of The Acm, Vol. 42, No. 6, 1999, s. 109-115.

Sauter Vicki L. and Schofer Joseph L., ‘Evolutionary Development of Decision Sup- port Systems: Important Issues for Early Phases of Desing’, Journal of Manage- ment Information Systems / Spring, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1988, s. 77-92.

Schrader Stephan, Riggs, W. M. and Smith R. P., ‘Choice over Uncertainty and Am- biguity in Technical Problem Solving’, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 10, No. 1-2, 1993, s. 73-99.

Scott Dru, Zamanı İyi Değerlendirmek (Çev.: Necati Ağıralioğlu), Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara 1993.

Senik Z. Che, Md Sham Ridzuan, Abdul Rahman N.M.N., Isa Rosmah M., Ismail Daud, Mohd N. D., Hashim N.A. and Domil, A. K., ‘Akademics As Decision Makers: What Style Do They Adopt?’, AJTLHE, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2012, s. 69-81.

Sharpe M.E., ‘Field Research on Complex Decision-Making Processes- the Phase Theorem’, Intrenetional Studies of Management & Organization, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1972, s. 156-182.

Shnits Boris, ‘Methods for Activating the Decision-Making Process that is Used for Controlling Flexible Manufacturing Systems’, International Journal of Produc- tion Research, Vol. 48, No. 24, 2010, s. 7437-7462.

Shrivastava Paul and Mitroff Lan, ‘Frames of Reference Managers Use: A Study in Applied Sociology of Knowledge’, Advances in Strategic Management, Vol. 1, 1983, s. 161-182.

Simon Herbert A., ‘Organizations and Markets’, The Journal of Economic Perspec- tives, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1991, s. 25-44.

Smith Jane, How to be a Better… Time Manager (Çev.: Ali Çimen), Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul 1998.

Souitaris Vangelis and Maestro Marcello, ‘Polychronicity in Top Management Teams: The İmpact on Strategic Decision Processes and Performance of New Technology Ventures’, Strategic Management Journal, No. 31, 2010, s. 652-678.

Stumpf Stephen A. and London Manuel , ‘Management Promotions: Individual and Organizational Factors Influencing the Decision Process’, Academy of Management, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1981, s. 539-549.

Summers Irvin and White Major D. E., ‘Creativity Techniques: Toward Improve- ment of the Decision Process’, Academy of Management, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1976, s. 99-107.

Süvarioğlu, Sema. Zaman, Yaşam Yönetimi, Esra Aslan (Ed.), Örgütte Kişisel Geli- şim, içinde (373-399), 1. Baskı, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara 2002.

Thorisson Kristinn R., ‘‘Real-Time Decision Making in Multimodal Face-to-Face Communication’’, (Autonomous Agents & Multiagent Systems / International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 1998), s. 16-23.

Tuncer Doğan; Ayhan Doğan Y. ve Varoğlu Demet, Genel İşletmecilik Bilgileri, Si- yasal Kitabevi, Ankara 2007.

Vroom, Victor H., ‘Educating Managers for Decision Making and Leadership’, Ma- nagement Decision, Vol. 41, No. 10, 2003, s. 968-978.

Wells Donald H., How to be a Succesful Manager (Çev.: Doğan Şahiner), 1. Baskı, Rota Yayın Tanıtım, İstanbul 1993.

White Sam E., Dittrich J.E. and Lang J.R., ‘The Effects of Group Decision-Making Process and Problem-Situation Complexity on Implementation Attemps’, Ad- ministrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 3, 1980, s. 428-440.

Zhong Yinghong, Jin Linlin and Chen Xiaoping, ‘Relationship Between Decision Styles and Decision Types for Innovative Opportunities: Emprical Study on Chinese Internet of Things Indusry and the Cognitive Decision Support App- roach’, Journal of Computers, Vol. 7, No. 7, 2012, s. 1574-1582.