TEMİZ ÜRETİM UYGULAMALARI: ANTALYA ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGESİ’NDE ISO 14001 ÇYS UYGULAYAN FİRMALAR ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Antalya Organize Sanayi Bölgesi’ndeki (AOSB) işletmelerde ISO 14001 Çevre Yönetim Sistemi’nin (ÇYS) benimsenmesinde etken olan faktörleri ve uygulama sonucu elde edilmesi beklenen iyileşmeleri ele almak ve bunların firma özelliklerine göre farklılık gösterip göstermediğini incelemektir. Anket yoluyla toplanan veriler, bağımsız örneklemler T-Testi, Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi (Analysis of Variance-ANOVA), Mann Whitney U Testi ve Kruskal Wallis Testi gibi istatistiksel yöntemlerle her alt ölçek için ayrı ayrı analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, ISO 14001 ÇYS’ye geçişte etken olan finansal faktörlerin ihracat yapma durumuna göre, çevre ile ilgili faktörlerin çalışan sayısına göre, rekabetle ilgili faktörlerin ise sektöre göre farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. ISO 14001 ÇYS’nin uygulanması incelendiğinde ise, çevre yönetim faaliyetleriyle ilgili süreçlerde elde edilen iyileşmelerin çalışan sayısına göre, firma genel performansına yönelik iyileşmelerin satış hasılatlarına göre farklılıklar gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. İşletmelerin çevreye duyarlı faaliyetleri uygularken en sık karşılaştığı güçlükler; toplumun, firmaların ve çalışanların çevresel bilinç eksikliği, çevre sorunlarının firmalar için önemli maliyetlere neden olması olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca firmalarla yapılan yüz yüze görüşmeler sonucunda, işletmelerde üst yönetimden en alt kademelerine kadar tüm birimlerin temel kaygısının hedeflenen miktarda üretim ve ihracata ulaşarak; ek maliyet çıkaran her şeyden uzak durmak olduğu görülmüştür. Özellikle, ISO 14001 ÇYS almayı düşünmeyen işletmelerin, sertifika edinim sürecinin getirdiği ek maliyetler sebebiyle sertifika edinmekten kaçındığı ancak kendi çabalarıyla çevreci faaliyetler gösterdikleri görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

, Temiz Üretim, Çevre Yönetim Sistemi, ISO 14001, Antalya Organize Sanayi Bölgesi

CLEANER PRODUCTION PRACTICES: A RESEARCH ON COMPANIES APPLYING ISO 14001 EMS IN ANTALYA ORGANIZED INDUSTRIAL ZONEIN ANTALYA ORGANIZED INDUSTRIAL ZONE

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that are effective in adapting ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS) in firms in Antalya Organized Industrial Zone (AOSB) and the expected achievements to be introduced with the system and to examine whether they vary according to the company characteristics. Data collected by questionnaire method were analyzed separately for each subscale through independent samples T-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann Whitney U Test and Kruskal Wallis Test. The study revealed the financial factors that are effective on adapting ISO 14001 EMS depend on exportation while the environmental factors depend on the number of employees and competition factors in the sector. An analysis upon the implementation of ISO 14001 EMS put forward that improvements in the processes related to environmental management activities vary by the number of employees and improvements in the overall performance of the company by the sales revenues. The most common challenges faced by firms in implementing environmental activities are identified as the lack of environmental awareness of the society, firms and employees, and the fact that environmental problems cause significant costs for firms. In addition, face-to-face interviews with companies showed that, the main concern of all units, from senior management to the lowest levels, is to avoid anything that may incur additional costs by achieving the targeted amount of production and exports. In particular, it is seen that the some firms do not intend to obtain ISO 14001 EMS due to the additional costs of the certification process, but still carry out environmental activities through their own efforts.

Keywords:

Cleaner Production, Environmental Management System, ISO 14001, Antalya Organized Industrial Zone,

PDF

___

• ABİDİN, R., ABDULLAH, C. S. VE OSMAN, W. N., (2010), Clean production strategies adoption: A survey on food and beverage manufacturing sector, Communications of the IBIMA, 2010, 1-10.
• AKATAY, A. VE ASLAN, Ş., (2008), Yeşil Yönetim ve İşletmeleri ISO 14001 Sertifikası Almaya Yönelten Faktörler.
• AKINCI, S. K., (2008), Örgütlerin Verimlilikleri İle ISO 14001 Kapsamında Sosyal Sorumluluklarını Gerçekleştirme Dereceleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Şeker Fabrikalarında Bir Uygulama, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
• ALGIN, A., (2015), Çevreye Duyarlı İşletmecilik Uygulamalarının Rekabet Üstünlüğüne Etkileri: Antalya Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Firmaları Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, SBE, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya.
• ANTALYA ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGESİ, AOSB Tanıtım Kitapçığı, http://www.antalyaosb.org.tr/tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2019).
• ARAVIND, D. & CHRISTMANN, P., (2011), Decoupling of standard implementation from certification: Does quality of ISO 14001 implementation affect facilities’ environmental performance?, Business Ethics Quarterly, 21 (1), 73-102.
• ARIMURA, T. H., DARNALL, N. & KATAYAMA, H., (2011), Is ISO 14001 a gateway to more advanced voluntary action? The case of green supply chain management, Journal of environmental economics and management, 61 (2), 170-182.
• AYRANCI, E., (2017), Sürdürülebilirlik Kavramı Kapsamında Çevreye Duyarlı Üretim: Firmaların Çevreye Duyarlı Üretime Geçişlerinde Devlet Desteklerinin Etkisi, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• BABAKRI, K. A., BENNETT, R. A., RAO, S. & FRANCHETTI, M., (2004), Recycling performance of firms before and after adoption of the ISO 14001 standard, Journal of Cleaner Production, 12 (6), 633-637.
• BANSAL, P. & ROTH, K., (2000), Why companies go green: A model of ecological responsiveness, Academy of management journal, 43 (4), 717-736.
• BARLEY, S. R. & TOLBERT, P. S., (1997), Institutionalization and structuration: Studying the links between action and institution, Organization studies, 18 (1), 93-117.
• BAŞARAN, D., (2009), ISO 14001: 2005 Çevre Yönetim Sistemi'nin Çalışanlar Tarafından Benimsenmesi ve Çevre Bilinci Gelişimine Etkisinin Araştırılması, (Doctoral dissertation, DEÜ Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• BOIRAL, O., (2011), Managing with ISO systems: Lessons from practice, Long Range Planning, 44 (3), 197-220.
• BOIRAL, O. & HENRI, J. F., (2012), Modelling the impact of ISO 14001 on environmental performance: A comparative approach, Journal of environmental management, 99, 84 97.
• BOIRAL, O., GUILLAUMIE, L., HERAS‐SAIZARBITORIA, I. & TAYO TENE, C. V., (2018), Adoption and outcomes of ISO 14001: A systematic review, International Journal of Management Reviews, 20 (2), 411-432.
• BOLAT, B., (2002), ISO 9000 Kalite Yönetimi ve ISO 14000 Çevre Yönetimi Sistemleri Uygulamalarının Değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye Örneği, Doktora Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İTÜ, İstanbul.
• BOLAT, B. VE GÖZLÜ, S., (2003), ISO 14000 Çevre Yönetim Sistemi uygulamasında etken olan faktörler, İTÜ DERGİSİ/d, 2 (2).
• CHAIKIN, O., KIRIEIEVA, E. & SLOBODENIUK, O., (2018), Environmental Management Certification: Social and Economic Monitoring, Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development, 40 (3).
• CHIARINI, A., (2017), Setting strategies outside a typical environmental perspective using ISO 14001 certification, Business Strategy and the Environment, 26 (6), 844-854.
• CURKOVIC, S. & SROUFE, R., (2011), Using ISO 14001 to promote a sustainable supply chain strategy, Business Strategy and the Environment, 20 (2), 71-93.
• ÇAÇA, A., (2016), ISO 14000 Çevre Yönetim Sistemi Standartları İle Avrupa Birliği Çevre Etiketi ve Aralarındaki İlişki: Türkiye’deki Uygulamalar (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi, Konya.
• DA COSTA, N. P., PRADO FILHO, J. F. & FONSECA, A., (2017), Cleaner Production Implementation in the Textile Sector: The Case of a Medium-sized Industry in Minas Gerais, Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental, 21 (3), 222-231.
• DELMAS, M. A. & MONTES-SANCHO, M. J., (2011), An institutional perspective on the diffusion of international management system standards: The case of the environmental management standard ISO 14001, Business Ethics Quarterly, 21 (1), 103-132.
• DELMAS, M. & MONTIEL, I., (2008), The diffusion of voluntary international management standards: Responsible Care, ISO 9000, and ISO 14001 in the chemical industry, Policy Studies Journal, 36 (1), 65-93.
• DEMİRAY, B., (2017), İşletmelerin Ekogirişimcilik Faaliyetleri Kapsamında Sürdürülebilir (Temiz) Üretim Uygulamaları: Arçelik Buzdolabı Fabrikası Örneği, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• EJDYS, J., MATUSZAK-FLEJSZMAN, A., SZYMANSKI, M., USTINOVICHIUS, L., SHEVCHENKO, G. & LULEWICZ-SAS, A., (2016), Crucial factors for improving the ISO 14001 environmental management system, Journal of Business Economics and Management, 17 (1), 52-73.
• ERTUĞRUL, İ. VE ŞAVLI, A., (2013), ISO 14001 Çevre Yönetim Sistemi ve Bakır Mamulleri Sanayine Uyarlanması, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 3 (2), 223-238.
• GHOSAL, V., (2015), Business strategy and firm reorganization: Role of changing environmental standards, sustainable business initiatives and global market condition, Business Strategy and the Environment, 24 (2), 123-144.
• GLAVIC, P. & LUKMAN, R., (2007), Review of sustainability terms and their definitions, Journal of Cleaner Production, 15 (18), 1875-1885.
• GONZÁLEZ-BENITO, J. & GONZÁLEZ-BENITO, Ó., (2008), Operations management practices linked to the adoption of ISO 14001: An empirical analysis of Spanish manufacturers, International Journal of Production Economics, 113 (1), 60-73.
• GÖKÇE, S., (2018), Çevre Kirliliğini Önlemek İçin Neler Yapabiliriz?, https://sifiratik.co/2018/10/04/cevre-kirliligini-onlemek/ (Erişim Tarihi: 09.05.2019).
• HAIR, J. F. JR., BABIN, B., MONEY, A. H. & SAMOUEL, P., (2003), Essential of business research methods, John Wiley & Sons: United States of America.
• HE, W., LIU, C., LU, J. & CAO, J., (2015), Impacts of ISO 14001 adoption on firm performance: Evidence from China, China Economic Review, 32, 43-56.
• HE, W., YANG, W. & CHOI, S. J., (2018), The interplay between private and public regulations: Evidence from ISO 14001 adoption among Chinese firms, Journal of Business Ethics, 152 (2), 477-497.
• HERAS‐SAIZARBITORIA, I., ARANA, G. & BOIRAL, O., (2016), Outcomes of environmental management systems: The role of motivations and firms’ characteristics, Business Strategy and the Environment, 25 (8), 545-559.
• HERAS‐SAIZARBITORIA, I., ARANA, G. & BOIRAL, O., (2016), Outcomes of environmental management systems: The role of motivations and firms’ characteristics, Business Strategy and the Environment, 25 (8), 545-559.
• HOLT, D., (1998), The perceived benefits of an environmental management standard, Business Process Management Journal, 4 (3), 204-213.
• JACKSON, T., (1994), Cleaner Production Strategies, Stockholm, Environment Institute/Louis Publications.
• JIANG, R. J. & BANSAL, P., (2003), Seeing the need for ISO 14001, Journal of Management Studies, 40 (4), 1047-1067.
• KAMANDE, M. W. & LOKINA, R. B., (2013), Clean production and profitability: An eco-efficiency analysis of kenyan manufacturing firms, The Journal of Environment & Development, 22 (2), 169-185.
• KEIN, A. T. T., OFORI, G. & BRIFFETT IV, C. L. E., (1999), ISO 14000: Its relevance to the construction industry of Singapore and its potential as the next industry milestone, Construction Management & Economics, 17 (4), 449-461.
• KIYIK, G., (2011), Türkiye'de Eko Verimliliğe İşletmeler Nasıl Bakıyor?, Social Sciences, 7 (2), 108-126.
• KING, A. A. & LENOX, M. J., (2000), Industry self-regulation without sanctions: The chemical industry's responsible care program, Academy of management journal, 43 (4), 698-716.
• KOBİ BİLGİ SİTESİ, Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği, “KOBİ Tanımı Değişti”, http://www.kobi.org.tr/index.php/haberler/kob-haberler/1275-kob-tanm-deiti (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2018).
• LEE, S. M., NOH, Y., CHOI, D. & RHA, J. S., (2017), Environmental policy performances for sustainable development: From the perspective of ISO 14001 certification, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 24 (2), 108-120.
• LIN, Y. L. & LIU, T. Y., (2011), Financial performance in Taiwans ISO 14001 environmental management systems (EMS), African Journal of Business Management, 5 (22), 8952-8960.
• LINK, S. & NAVEH, E., (2006), Standardization and discretion: Does the environmental standard ISO 14001 lead to performance benefits?, IEEE transactions on engineering management, 53 (4), 508-519.
• MINDIKOĞLU, B. VE DUYGU, A. E., (2009), ISO 14001 Çevre Yönetim Sistemi (ÇYS) Standardı: Türkiye’deki Bazı İşletmelerin Karşılaştıkları Problem ve Zorluklar Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 1 (2), 93-109.
• MORROW, D. & RONDINELLI, D., (2002), Adopting corporate environmental management systems: Motivations and results of ISO 14001 and EMAS certification, European management journal, 20 (2), 159-171.
• NAKAMURA, M., TAKAHASHI, T. & VERTINSKY, I., (2001), Why Japanese firms choose to certify: A study of managerial responses to environmental issues, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 42 (1), 23-52.
• NEE, G. Y. & WAHID, N. A., (2010), The effect of ISO 14001 environmental management system implementation on SMEs performance: An empirical study in Malaysia, Journal of Sustainable Development, 3 (2), 215.
• NETO, A. S. & JABBOUR, C. J. C., (2010), Guidelines for improving the adoption of cleaner production in companies through attention to non-technical factors: A literatüre review, African Journal of Business Management, 4 (19), 4217-4229.
• NISHITANI, K., (2009), An empirical study of the initial adoption of ISO 14001 in Japanese manufacturing firms, Ecological Economics, 68 (3), 669-679.
• OLIVEIRA NETO, G. C. D., GODINHO FILHO, M., GANGA, G. M. D. & COSTA, B. K., (2015), Exploring Stakeholder Salience for the Adoption of Principles and Tools of Cleaner Production in Brazilian Companies, Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios, 17 (55), 932-958.
• OLIVEIRA NETO, G. C., SHIBAO, F. Y. & GODINHO FILHO, M., (2016), The state of research on cleaner production in brazil, Revista de Administração de Empresas, 56 (5), 547-577.
• ORCOS, R., PÉREZ-ARADROS, B. & BLIND, K., (2018), Why does the diffusion of environmental management standards differ across countries? The role of formal and informal institutions in the adoption of ISO 14001, Journal of World Business, 53 (6), 850-861.
• ÖZDENKOŞ, O., (2010), Çimento Fabrikalarında Kalite ve Çevre Yönetimi Sistemleri: Sektörde Bir Uygulama, (Doctoral Dissertation, DEÜ Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• POKSINSKA, B., JÖRN DAHLGAARD, J. & EKLUND, J. A., (2003), Implementing ISO 14000 in Sweden: Motives, benefits and comparisons with ISO 9000, International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 20 (5), 585-606.
• POTOSKI, M. & PRAKASH, A., (2005), Green clubs and voluntary governance: ISO 14001 and firms' regulatory compliance, American journal of political science, 49 (2), 235-248.
• PRAJOGO, D., TANG, A. K. & LAI, K. H., (2012), Do firms get what they want from ISO 14001 adoption?: An Australian perspective, Journal of Cleaner Production, 33, 117-126.
• PRAKASH, A., (1999), A New‐Institutionalist Perspective on ISO 14000 and Responsible Care, Business Strategy and the environment, 8 (6), 322-335.
• PSOMAS, E. L., FOTOPOULOS, C. V. & KAFETZOPOULOS, D. P., (2011), Motives, Difficulties and Benefits in Implementing the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System, Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 22 (4), 502-521.
• QI, G., ZENG, S., LI, X. & TAM, C., (2012), Role of internalization process in defining the relationship between ISO 14001 certification and corporate environmental performance, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 19 (3), 129-140.
• RAGUŽ KRIŠTIĆ, I., (2017), Emissions Trading for Cleaner Production in the Old and New EU Member States?, Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 20 (1), 49-64.
• RUSSO, M. V., (2009), Explaining the impact of ISO 14001 on emission performance: A dynamic capabilities perspective on process and learning, Business Strategy and the Environment, 18 (5), 307-319.
• RUSSO, M. V. & FOUTS, P. A., (1997), A resource-based perspective on corporate environmental performance and profitability, Academy of management Journal, 40 (3), 534-559.
• SÁEZ-MARTÍNEZ, F. J., LEFEBVRE, G., HERNÁNDEZ, J. J. & CLARK, J. H., (2016), Drivers of sustainable cleaner production and sustainable energy options, Journal of cleaner production, 138, 1-7.
• SAMBASIVAN, M. & FEI, N. Y., (2008), Evaluation of critical success factors of implementation of ISO 14001 using analytic hierarchy process (AHP): A case study from Malaysia, Journal of cleaner production, 16 (13), 1424-1433.
• SARITAŞ, O. VE AYLEN, J., (2010), Using scenarios for roadmapping: The case of clean production, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 77 (7), 1061-1075. • STEAD, J. G. & STEAD, W. E., (2017), Management for a small planet, Routledge.
• STRACHAN, P. A., SINCLAIR, I. M. & LAL, D., (2003), Managing ISO 14001 Implementation in the United Kingdom Continental Shelf (UKCS), Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 10 (1), 50-63.
• TAKAHASHI, T. & NAKAMURA, M., (2010), The impact of operational characteristics on firms' EMS decisions: Strategic adoption of ISO 14001 certifications, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 17 (4), 215-229.
• TAN, M., AYHAN, E. VE BAYDAŞ, M., (2016), Sustainability and cleaner production: Case of textile and clothing sectors in Bingöl, The Journal of Macro Trends in Energy and Sustainability, 4 (1), 22-33.
• TARÍ, J. J., MOLINA-AZORÍN, J. F. & HERAS, I., (2012), Benefits of the ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards: A literature review, Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management (JIEM), 5 (2), 297-322.
• TEPE KÜÇÜKOĞLU, M., (2014), Sürdürülebilirlik ve Yeşil Yenilik Perspektifinde Türk İşletmelerinin İncelenmesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
• THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, (2019a), ISO 9001 Quality Management and ISO 14001 Environmental Management, Case Study DB Construction, https://www.bsigroup.com/Documents/iso-14001/case-studies/BSI-ISO-9001-ISO-14001-case-study-DB-Construction-UK-EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2019).
• THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, (2019b), ISO 14001 – Environmental Management & ISO 9001 – Quality Management, Case Study, APS GROUP, https://www.bsigroup.com/Documents/iso-14001/case-studies/BSI-ISO-14001-ISO-9001-case-study-APS-UK-EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2019).
• TOKSÖZ, R. A., (2011), OHSAS 18001 İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Yönetim Sisteminin ISO 14001 Çevre Yönetim Sistemi İle İlişkileri ve Bir Örnek Uygulama, (Doctoral Dissertation, DEÜ Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• TÜTÜNCÜ, S. İ. VE ŞAHİN, N., (2012), Üretimde Kirlilik Önleme Yaklaşımı ve Devletin Konumu, Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 4 (2), 119-129.
• VICKERS, I., (1999), Cleaner Production and Organizational Learning, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 11 (1), 75-94.
• VILCHEZ, V. F., (2017), The dark side of ISO 14001: The symbolic environmental behavior, European Research on Management and Business Economics, 23 (1), 33-39.
• WAHBA, H., (2010), How do institutional shareholders manipulate corporate environmental strategy to protect their equity value? A study of the adoption of ISO 14001 by Egyptian firms, Business Strategy and the Environment, 19 (8), 495-511.
• WEAVER, G. R., TREVINO, L. K. & COCHRAN, P. L., (1999), Integrated and decoupled corporate social performance: Management commitments, external pressures, and corporate ethics practices, Academy of Management Journal, 42 (5), 539-552.
• WU, D. D., OLSON, D. L. & BIRGE, J. R., (2013), Risk management in cleaner production, Journal of Cleaner Production, 53, 1-6.
• YAVUZ, V. A., (2010), Sürdürülebilirlik Kavramı ve İşletmeler Açısından Sürdürülebilir Üretim Stratejileri/Concept of Sustainability and Sustainable Production Strategies for Business Practices, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7 (14).
• YAZGAN, H. İ., YILDIZ, M. S. VE YÜCEL, S., (2014), Temiz Üretimin Firma Performansına Etkisi: Düzce Sanayi İşletmelerinde Bir Araştırma, Journal of International Social Research, 7 (32).
• YIN, H. & SCHMEIDLER, P. J., (2009), Why do standardized ISO 14001 environmental management systems lead to heterogeneous environmental outcomes?, Business Strategy and the Environment, 18 (7), 469-486.
• YÜCEL, M., (2011), Çeşitli Endüstrilerde Temiz Üretim Sistemi Uygulamalarının İşletme Ekonomilerine Sağladığı Faydalar, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10 (35), 150-166.
• YÜCEL, M. VE EKMEKÇİLER, Ü. S., (2008), Çevre Dostu Ürün Kavramına Bütünsel Yaklaşım: Temiz Üretim Sistemi, Eko-Etiket, Yeşil Pazarlama, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7 (26), 320-333.
• YÜKSEL, H., (2008), An empirical evaluation of cleaner production practices in Turkey, Journal of Cleaner Production, 16 (1), 50-57.
• ZEYTİN, M. & KIRLIOĞLU, H., (2014), Çevre Yönetim Sistemi ve Yerel Yönetimler, Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Yıl, 2, 238-254.