DEĞİŞEN ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK İNŞASINDA TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET MESELESİ

Uluslararası ortamdaki hızlı değişim ve gelişim, güvenlik kavramını ciddi tartışmaların olduğu bir alanın merkezi haline getirmiştir. Özellikle Soğuk Savaşın bitimi ve terörle mücadelenin ilan edilmesiyle uluslararası güvenlik yapısının baş döndürücü hızla çalışan bir makine gibi hareket etmesi, bu alanda kadınların rolünün de sorgulanmaya başlamasına neden olmuştur. Dünya nüfusunun yarısını kadınların oluşturmasına rağmen uluslararası güvenlik alanının çok fazla tartışmaya mahal vermeksizin erkek dünyası olarak görülmektedir. Ancak, savaş ve çatışma alanlarında mağdur olarak hassasiyetleri yanında kadının, silahlı çatışma, çatışma çözümü, barışı koruma ya da inşa etme faaliyetlerindeki rolüne de daha fazla önem verilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışma, sürekli değişen uluslararası güvenlik yapısında kadının rolünün erkeklerle eşit aktör/aktris(ler) olarak algılanması gerektiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla Birleşmiş Milletler ve NATO gibi uluslararası aktörlerin raporları ve çalışmaları nitel araştırma yöntemiyle incelenmiştir.    

GENDER MATTER in THE CHANGING INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ARCHITECTURE

Rapid change and evolvement of international environment considerably put the concept of security into a huge questionable area. Since international security structure especially after the end of Cold War and the announcement of the war on terror consecutively has become like a machine functioning in a dizzying pace, the role of women in this structure has been put into consideration more aggressively. Although women which consist of the half of the population of the World, international security indisputably is considered as men’s World. In this sense, the role of women in armed conflict, conflict resolution or peace maintenance or building activities as well as their vulnerability as victims in different areas of conflict and war zones needs to be given more attention.  This article, thus, reveals the necessity role of women in constantly changing international security architecture as an actor (or “actress”) equal with men.  Therefore, reports and works of international actors such as UN and NATO were analysed with qualitative research method.

___

  • Alker H., (2005) “Emancipation in the critical security studies project”, The Heritage, Challenge, and Future of Realism, Ed. C. Hacke, G.K. Kindermann and K.M. Schellhorn, Bonn University Press, Göttingen, s.189–213.
  • Alkire, S., (2003) A Conceptual Framework for Human Security, Centre for Research on Inequality, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford, Human Security and Ethnicity.
  • Amnesty International, (2004) Rwanda: “Marked for Death”, Rape Survivors Living with HIV/AIDS in Rwanda, Gendercide Watch (no date).
  • Baldwın A D., (1997) “The Concept of Security”, Review of International Studies, 23, s.5–26.
  • Barkawı T. ve Mark Laffey, (2006) ‘The postcolonial moment in security studies’, Review of International Studies, 32(2), , 329–352.
  • Bastick, M., Grımm Karin, and KUNZ, Rahel, (2007)Sexual Vıolence in Armed Conflıct: Global Overview and Implications, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva.
  • Bell C., (2013) Women and Peace Processes, Negotiations, and Agreements: Operational Opportunities and Challenges, The Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.
  • Bilgin P., (2008) “Critical Theory”, Security Studies, Ed. Paul D. Williams, Routledge, London, s.89-103.
  • Blanchard E., (2003) “Gender, International Relations, and the Development of Feminist Security Theory”, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28 (4), s.1289–1312.
  • Booth K., (1991) “Security and Emancipation”, Review of International Studies, 17(4), s.313-326.
  • Booth K., (2007) Theory of World Security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Butler C., (2007), Gluch Tali and Neil Mıtchell, “Security Forces and Sexual Violence: A Cross-National Analysis of a Principal: Agent Argument.” Journal of Peace Research, 44 (6), s.669–687.
  • Buzan, B., Wæver, O. and De Wilde, Jaap, , (1998), Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Bo0ulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Callamard A., (2002), “Refugee Women: A Gendered and Political Analysis of the Refugee Experience.” Global Changes in Asylum Regimes, ed. Daniele Joly, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 137-153.
  • Cranny-Francis A., , (2003), Warıng Wendy; Stavropoulos Pam ve Joan Kırkby, Gender Studies Terms and Debates, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Elman, C., “Realism”, (2008), Security Studies: An Introduction, Ed. Paul D. Williams, Routledge, London, s.15-28.
  • Enloe, C., (1989), Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Enloe C., (1993), The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War, University of California Press, Berkeley: CA.
  • Fowler C., DUGAN Julie and Paul BOLTON, (2000), “Assessing the Opportunity for Sexual Violence against Women and Children in Refugee Camps”, The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, Feinstein International Center at Tufts University, 1-7.
  • Freedman J., (2007), Gendering the International Asylum and Refugee Debate, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Gerecke M., (2010), “Explaining Sexual Violence in Conflict Situations”, Gender, War, and Militarism, Ed. Laura Sjoberg, Sandra Via, Praeger Security International, New York, 137–154.
  • Giddens K., (1994), Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
  • Goldstein S J., (2001), War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, Cambridge University Press, UK.
  • Grant R., (2007), "The Quagmire of Gender and International Security", International Security: The Transition to the Post Cold War Security Agenda, Vol.2, 248-26.
  • Heywood A., (2013), Küresel Siyaset, Adres Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Hintjens H., (1999), “Explaining the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 37(2), Cambridge University Press, s.241–286.
  • Hogg N., (2010), “Women’s Participation in The Rwandan Genocide: Mothers or Monsters?”, International Review of the Red Cross, 92(877), s.69-102.
  • Hooks B., (2000), Feminism is For Everybody, South End Press, Canada,.
  • HRW (HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH), (2002), World Report 2002, Human Rights Watch, New York.
  • HRW (Human Rights Watch), (1996), Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath, 13; Gendercide Watch (no date).
  • Hudson H., (2005), “’Doing’ security as though humans matter: A feminist perspective on gender and the politics of human security”, Security Dialogue, 36 (2), s.155-174.
  • Hudson H., (2010), “Peace building through a gender lens and the challenges of implementation in Rwanda and Côte d’Ivoire”, Gender and International Security, Ed. Laura Sjoberg, Routledge, s.256-280.
  • Hyndman J., (2004), “Refugee Camps as Conflict Zones: The Politics of Gender”, Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones, Ed. Wenona Mary Giles and Jennifer Hyndman, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2004, pp.193–212.
  • Jones W. R., (1999),Security, Strategy and Critical Theory, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner,.
  • Kreitzer L., (2002), “Liberian Refugee Women: A Qualitative Study of Their Participation in Planning Camp Programmes”, International Social Work, 45(1), s.45–58.
  • Laville S., (2015), UN Aid Worker Suspended for Leaking Report on Child Abuse by French Troops, The Guardian, April 29. Erişim tarihi Mayıs 3, 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/29/un-aid-worker-suspended-leaking-report-child-abuse-french-troops-car
  • Lazar M M., (2007), Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis: Gender, Power and Ideology in Discourse, Palgrave Macmillan Press, New York.
  • Liotta H. P. and Taylor OWEN, (2006), “Why Human Security?” The Whitehead, Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, Seton Hall University, Winter/Spring, s.37-54.
  • Lodgaard S., (2001) “Human Security: Concept and Operationalization.”, Centre for Peace and Development Studies, Accessed March 3.
  • McDonald M., (2008), “Constructıvısm”, Security Studies: An Introduction, Ed. by Paul D. Williams, Routledge, New York, s.59-72.
  • NATO, (2015), Women, Peace and Security: NATO, UNSCR 1325 and Related Resolutions, Oct. 29 2015. Accessed Nov 3, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_91091.htm
  • NATO, (2015), How can Gender Make a Difference to Security in Operations, Oct. 29 2011. Accessed Nov 3, 2015. http://www.nato.int/issues/women_nato/2011/1869-11%20Gender%20Brochure.pdf
  • Negrin L., (2008), Appearance and Identity Fashioning the Body in Postmodernity, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE for WAR DOCUMENTATION, Srebrenica – A “safe” Area: Reconstruction, Background, Consequences and Analyses of the Fall of a Safe Area, part I, chapter 9, section 2, 2002, Erişim tarihi Mart 3, 2016. http://www.srebrenica.nl/en/a_index.htm
  • Nye, J., (1992), “The Changing Nature of World Power”, Charles W. Kegley, ve Eugene Wittkoft (der.), The Global Agenda: Issues and Perspectives, New York, McGraw, 177-192.
  • Odanović G., (2010), “Participation of Women in UN Peacekeeping Operations”, Wester1n Balkans Security Observer, 16 January – March, 70-79.
  • Özdemir Ö., (2015), “UK National Print Media Coverage of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) against Refugee Women in Syrian Refugee Camps”, Roots & Consequences Further explorations into the Syrian Uprising, Syria Studies, University of St Andrews, 7(4), 53-77.
  • Peoples C. and Nick VAUGHAN-WILLIAMS, (2010), Critical Security Studies, Routledge, New York.
  • Peterson S. and Anne Sisson Runyan, (1993), Global Gender Issues, Westview Press, Oxford, San Francisco.
  • Ruddick S., (1989), Maternal Thinking: Towards a Politics of Peace, Beacon Press, Boston.
  • Sjoberg L., (2010), Gender and International Security Feminist Perspectives, Routledge, New York.
  • Skjelsbaek I., (2001), “Sexual Violence and War: Mapping Out a Complex Relationship”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 7(2), s.211-237.
  • Sylvester C., (2010), “War, sense, and security”, Gender and International Security, Ed. Laura Sjoberg, Routledge, New York, s.24-38.
  • Tickner J A., (2001), Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post–Cold War Era, Columbia University Press.
  • Tickner A., (2004), Feminist Responses to International Security Studies, Peace Review 16 (1), 43-48.
  • United Nations, (1993), Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women.
  • United Nations (BDPA). (1995), Beijing Platform for Action. UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.
  • United Nations (CEDAW). (2003), Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. UN Entity for Gender Equality and The Empowerment of Women, 1981.
  • UNHDP (United Nations Human Development Programme), (1994), United Nations Human Development Report, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • United Nations Security Council, (2000), Resolution 1325, adopted by the Security Council at its 4213th meeting, on 31 October 2000, S/RES/1325 (2000).
  • UN REPORT of the COMMISSION on HUMAN SECURITY, (2003), Human Security Now: Protecting and Empowering People, UN, New York.
  • UNHCR, (2003), Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons, Prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva.
  • UNHCR, (2006), The State of the World’s Refugees, UNHCR, Geneva.
  • UN REPORT of SECRETARY-GENERAL, (2010), Report of the Secretary-General on Women’s Participation in Peacebuilding, Tracking Progress: 7-Point Action Plan.
  • http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/pbso/pdf/seven_point_action_plan.pdf
  • INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC), (2011), Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, International Criminal Court, Holland.
  • UN Women, (2013), Gender-Based Violence and Child Protection among Syrian Refugees in Jordan, with a Focus on Early Marriage, Produced by the Communications and Advocacy Section of UN Women, Jordan.
  • UNITED STATES INSTITUTE of PEACE, (2015), Gender, War and Peacebuilding, Academy for International Conflict Management and Peacebuilding United States Institute of Peace, Washington.
  • UN. (2001). Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict and on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, 16 March 2001. Accessed March 2, 2016.
  • UN OSAGI. (2016), Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues ongoing activities in the area of conflict prevention and resolution. Accessed March 2, 2016, http://www.un.org/esa/peacebuilding/Action/osagi.html
  • Walby S, (1990), Theorizing Patriarchy, Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1986), “Political Structures”, Robert O. Keohane (Ed.), Neorealism and its Critics, New York, Colombia University Press.
  • Ward J, (2002), If not now, when? Addressing Gender-based Violence in Refugee, Internally Displaced, and Post-conflict Settings: A Global Overview, RHRC, New York.
  • Wood E, (2010), “Sexual Violence during War: Toward an Understanding of Variation”, Gender, War, and Militarism, Ed. Laura Sjoberg and Sandra Via, Praeger Security International, New York, 124–137.
  • Wolfers, A, (2007), “National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol”, International Security: The Cold War and Nuclear Deterrence, Vol.1, 15-29.