ANKLAV, EKSKLAV VE UÇ TOPRAKLAR-GÜVENLİK İLİŞKİSİ

Uluslararası ilişkiler literatüründe “çevreleyen ülkenin etine saplanmış kıymık” ya da “ayakkabıdaki taş” şeklinde tanımlanan anklav ve eksklavlar dünya siyasi coğrafyasının “norm dışı bir anomalisi” ya da bir nevi “ilkel bakiyesi” olarak telakki edilmektedir. Coğrafi ve politik bir fenomen olarak anklav ve eksklavların hem kendisini çevreleyen ülke ya da ülkeler ile anavatan arasındaki ikili ilişkilerde hem de uluslararası ilişkilerde güvenlik politikaları bağlamında kendi toprak ve nüfuslarının boyutlarıyla gayrı mütenasip bir şekilde etkili oldukları görülmektedir. Dünya yüzeyindeki anklav ve eksklavlar hem siyasi ve ekonomik yapıları hem de boyut, nüfus ve konumları itibariyle birtakım farklılıklara sahip olmakla birlikte, güvenlik sorunlarına sebebiyet vermeleri bakımından birtakım benzerlikler de taşıdıkları görülmektedir. Bir başka deyişle Cebelitarık, Dağlık Karabağ, Cabinda ya da Kaliningrad örneklerinde olduğu gibi uluslararası alanda “bağımsız bir mekân-politik nesne kategorisi” olarak anklav ve eksklavlar her an aktif birer volkan haline gelebilmektedir. Dolayısıyla anklav ve eksklavların çoğu mikro sahaya ve birkaç bin nüfusa sahip olsalar bile bu antitelerin jeopolitik açıdan son derece önem arz ettikleri görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada anklav ve eksklavlar tanıtılmakta ve güvenlik kavramı ile olan ilişkisine açıklık getirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Coğrafi Fragmanlar, Anklav, Eksklav, Uç Topraklar, Güvenlik

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SECURITY AND ENCLAVE, EXCLAVE AND PANHANDLE

In international relations literature, the enclaves and exclaves can be considered as an anomalous objects and exception to the norm. It can be defined as a region separate from the main body of the state or a region that can only be reached by passing through the territory of another country or a region that is clearly incompatible of administrative and economical life. It clearly manifests itself as a region that contradicts the idea of a contiguous nation-state. In other words, enclaves and exclaves, as both geographical and political phenomena, are described in international relations literature as small splinters in the flesh of the surrounding country or a stone in one’s shoe or archaic remnants and anomalous objects as an exception to the norm of world political geography. On the other hand, it can be stated that enclaves are irrelevant with the dimensions of their own land and population in terms of security policies both in bilateral relations between the countries surrounding them and the motherland and generally in international relations. In this context, enclaves and exclaves in the the world have some differences both in terms of their political, economical structures and their size, population and location, but they have similarities in terms of causing security problems. As in the examples of Gibraltar, Nagorno-Karabakh, Cabinda and Kaliningrad, enclaves can become active volcanoes at any time as an independent space-political object category in the international arena. Therefore, although most of enclaves or exclaves have a micro-area and a population of several thousand, it can be stated that these entities are extremely important for political geography. In this study, enclaves and exclaves are introduced and their relationship with the concept of security is clarified.

Keywords:

Geographical Fragment, Enclave, Exclave, Panhandle, Security,

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