FINANCING OF THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS AS A GLOBAL PUBLIC GOOD

Bar+, tüketimden mahrum b+rak+lamama ve tüketimde rekabet olmamas+ kriterleri nedeniyle tam kamusal mal özelli0i ta,+maktad+r. Ulusal bar+, kamusal mal iken, uluslar aras+ bar+, ise küresel kamusal mald+r ve ona göre finansman+ sa0lanmal+d+r. Bu çal+,mada ilk olarak bar+,’+n küresel kamusal mal olarak özellikleri ara,t+r+lm+,, daha sonra ise bar+, operasyonlar+n+n Birle,mi, Milletler (BM) bünyesinde nas+l finanse edildi0i tart+,+lm+,t+r. Son y+llarda BM bar+, operasyonlar+n+n finansman yap+s+nda ciddi geli,meler olmas+na ra0men, günümüzdeki finansal yap+ hala çok verimli de0ildir ve BM bar+, operasyonlar+n+n finansman seviyesi de yetersizdir. Ayr+ca, bar+,+n finansman+ için gerekli ödemeleri geciktiren ülkelere kar,+ etkili yapt+r+mlara ihtiyaç vard+r. Bar+, operasyonlar+n+n daha etkili finansman+ için literatürde birçok yeni fikre rastlamak mümkündür; bunlar sigorta yakla,+m+ndan (ülkeler korunmalar+ için BM’den sigorta yapt+rmaktad+rlar) ülkelerin yapt+klar+ silah ticareti üzerine vergi konulmas+na kadar de0i,ebilmektedir. Bar+, koruma amaçl+ operasyonlar+n finansman+n+ küresel kamusal mal çerçevesinde geli,tirebilmek için yap+lan farkl+ öneriler bu çal+,mada tart+,+lm+,t+r.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

xx

FINANCING OF THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS AS A GLOBAL PUBLIC GOOD

Peace has all the characteristics of pure public goods, such as non-excludability and non-rivalry. While peace in national level is a public good, peace in international level is a global public good which should be financed accordingly. In this study, first, characteristics of peace as a global public good is investigated, then, how peace operations are financed in United Nations (UN) is examined. Although, there have been significant improvements on financing structure of UN peace operations, it is still not very efficient and the current level of funding for UN peace operations is inadequate. There is also a need for an effective sanction for late payment of peacekeeping assessments. In the literature, there have been many new ideas to finance peace operations more effectively, ranging from insurance approach (countries get insurance from UN) to applying some kind of arm trade tax on countries. Suggestions to improve financing peacekeeping operations as global public goods are also discussed in this study.

___

  • ARCE M., G. DANIEL and Todd SANDLER, Regional Public Goods: Typologies, Provision, Financing, and Development Assistance, Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2002.
  • BINGER Albert, "Global Public Goods and Potential Mechanisms for Financing Availability." Background paper prepared for the Fifth Session of the Committee for Development Policy meeting, April 7-11, 2003. http://www.un.org/esa/analysis/devplan/al_binger.pdf (latest access, 02.08.2007).
  • BRZOSKA Michael, “Taxation of the Global Arms Trade? An overview of the Issues” Kyklos, 57, 2004, pp. 149-172.
  • Development Committee, Poverty Reduction and Global Public Goods: Issues for the World Bank in Supporting Global Collective Action, Washington DC:World Bank, DC/2000-16. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEVCOMMINT/Documentation/9 0015245/DC-2000-16(E)-GPG.pdf (latest access, 02.08.2007).
  • DURCH William J., “Paying the tab: Financial crisis”, In: Durch,W.J. (Ed.), The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis, Macmillan Press, Pennsylvania, 1993, pp. 39– 59.
  • International Task Force on Global Public Goods, Meeting Global Challenges: International Cooperation in the National Interest, Final Report. Stockholm, Sweden, 2006.
  • KANBUR Ravi, Todd SANDLER, and, M. Kevin MORRISON, The future of development assistance: Common pools and international public goods, Policy Essay No. 25. Washington, DC: Overseas Development Council, 1999
  • KAUL Inge and Pedro CONCEIÇAO, The New Public Finance: Responding to Global Challenges, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • KAUL Inge, and U. Mendoza RONALD, "Advancing the Concept of Public Goods." In Inge Kaul, Pedro Conceição, Katell Le Goulven and Ronald U. Mendoza, eds., Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • KAUL Inge, Isabelle GRUNBERG, and Marc A. STERN, Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • KAUL Inge, Isabelle GRUNBERG and Marc A. STERN, "Global Public Goods- Concepts, Policies and Strategies." In Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg, and Marc A. Stern, eds., Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • KAUL Inge, Pedro CONCEIÇAO, Katell LE GOULVEN and Ronald U. MENDOZA, Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • KAUL Inge, “Public Goods in the 21st Century.” In Global Public Goods: Taking the Concept For-ward. Discussion Paper 17. New York: United Nations Development Programme, Office of Development Studies, 2001.
  • KOCKS Alexander, The Financing of UN Peace Operations. An Analysis from a Global Public Good Perspective. Duisburg, Germany: Institute for Development and Peace, 2005. http://inef.uni-duisburg.de/page/documents/Report77.pdf (latest access, 08.08.2007).
  • LEHMANN Volker and Angela MCCLELLAN, “Financing the United Nations” Dialogue on Globalization, Fact Sheet, April, 2006. http://www.globalpolicy.org/finance/docs/2006/04factsheet.pdf (latest access, 08.08.2007).
  • MENDEZ Ruben P., "Peace as a Global Public Good." In Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg, and Mark A. Stern, eds., Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • MINGST Karen A., and Margaret P. KARNS, The United Nations in the 21stCentrury, Westview press, 2007.
  • MORRISSEY Oliver, Dirk Willem TE VELDE, and Adrian HEWITT, "Defining International Public Goods: Conceptual Issues." In M. Ferroni and A. Mody (eds), International Public Goods: Incentives, Measurement, and Financing. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
  • RICKMAN Johnathan, “U.N. Struggles to Find Voice on Global Taxation” Tax Notes International, 43.8., 2006, p.626. http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/glotax/general/2006/0821unglob altaxes.pdf (latest access, 08.08.2007).
  • ROSEN Harvey S., Public Finance, McGraw-Hill, 2005.
  • SAGASTI Francisco, and Keith BEZANSON, Financing and Providing Global Public Goods. Expectations and Prospects. Report prepared on behalf of the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, U.K, for the Sweden Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Stockholm, 2001.
  • SAMUELSON Paul A., “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure” The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1954, pp. 387- 389.
  • SANDLER Todd, Global Challenges. An Approach to Environmental, Political, and Economic Problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • SANDLER Todd, Regional public goods and international organizations, School of International Relations University of Southern California USA, 2005.
  • http://wwwrcf.usc.edu/~tsandler/Sandler_RPG_RIO_2006.pdf (latest access, 08.08.2007).
  • SMITH Janel, "Financing the Delivery of Global Peace through an L20? Considerations for an Initial L20 Meeting on Financing Global Public Goods." Presented at the L20 conference on financing global public goods, Princeton, N.J., February 26-27, 2006. http://www.l20.org/publications/Phase%20III/Publicgoods/L20%20G PG%20Communique_Smith.pdf (latest access, 02.08.2007).
  • SOLOMON Binyam, “Political Economy of Peacekeeping” In Sandler, T and Hartley, K (eds), Handbook of Defence Economics , volume 2, Elsevier, 2007.
  • TOBIN James, "A Proposal for International Monetary Reform." Eastern Economic Journal 4, 1978, pp. 153-159. United Nations, Basic Facts about the United Nations, United Nations Publications, New York, 2004.
  • United Nations, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peace-Keeping, United Nations Publications, New York, 1996.
  • WAHL Peter, “From Concept to Reality: On the Present State of the Debate on International Taxes” Dialogue on Globalization, Briefing Papers, FES, Berlin, 2006. http://www.fes- globalization.org/publications/Briefing%20Paper- %20Wahl_International%20Taxes.pdf (latest access, 08.08.2007).
  • WAHLBERG Katarina, “Progress on Global Taxes?” Global Policy Forum, Global Policy Forum, 2005. http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/glotax/general/2005/12progress. pdf (latest access, 12.08.2007).

___

APA Saruç, N. T. & ., .. (2007). FINANCING OF THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS AS A GLOBAL PUBLIC GOOD . Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , 9 (2) , 139-165 .