A CLASSIFICATION ON THE CONCEPT OF GOVERNANCE

Yönetişim kavramı, ulus devletin sınırlanın daralmasıyla başlayan süreçte kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Günümüze gelindiğinde ise “aynı zamanda her yerde var olan” bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır ve literatürde belirgin bir sınıflandırma bulunmamaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı yönetişim kavramı üzerine bir sınıflandırma yapmaktır. Çalışmada yönetişim kavramı, yönetim düzeyine, uygulama biçimine ve işlevine göre olmak üzere 3 farklı kategoride ele alınmıştır. Yönetim düzeyine göre küresel, ulusal ve yerel yönetişim kavramlarından oluşmaktadır. Bu ayrım, ulusal ya da federal hükümetlerin, yukarı yönde küresel kuruluşlara aşağı yönde yerel yönetimlere yetki devrinin sınırlarını göstermektedir. Uygulama biçimine göre sınıflandırma makro, meso ve mikro yönetişim kavramlarından oluşmaktadır. Makro yönetişim, politika uygulamalarına odaklanırken meso ve mikro yönetişim, proje ve plan bazlı uygulamaları içerir. İşlevine göre sınıflandırma politik, ekonomik ve kurumsal yönetişim kavramlarından oluşur. Politik yönetişim, ekonomik kalkınma hedefine ulaşmayı destekler niteliktedir. Ayrıca bir ülkenin politik ve ekonomik şartları, kurumsal yönetişim ortamının belirlenmesine katkıda bulunmaktadır.

A CLASSIFICATION ON THE CONCEPT OF GOVERNANCE

The governance concept has been come into use within the period started upon the narrowing of nation-state borders. And when it comes to the present day, it fronts us as a concept which “exists in everywhere at the same time” and there isn‟t any significant classification in the literature. The purpose of the study is to make a classification on the concept of governance. In the study, the governance concept is addressed in 3 different categories as according to dimension of management, form of implementation and function. Classification according to dimension of management consists of cultural, national and local governance concepts. This distinction indicates the limits of authority transfer of the national or federal governments to global organizations upwards and local governments downwards. Classification based on form of implementation consists of macro-, meso- and micro-governance concepts. Macro-governance focuses on political implementations, whereas meso- and microgovernance are composed of project and plan based implementations. And classification according to function consists of political, economic and institutional governance concepts. Political governance is such as to support achieving the target for economic development. Moreover, the political and economic conditions of a country contribute to the determination of institutional governance environment.

___

  • ADB – Asian Development Bank. (1998). Asian Development Bank Annual Report 1998, Manila, Philippines.
  • AfDB – African Development Bank. (1993). Governance and Development in Africa: Issues and the Role of the African Development Bank and other Multilateral Organizations, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
  • ALCANTARA, Cynthia Hewitt de (1998). Uses and abuses of the concept of governance, International Social Science Journal, 50(155): 105-113.
  • BOVAIRD, Tony and Elke LÖFFLER (2003). Evaluating the Quality of Public Governance: Indicators, Models and Methodologies, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 69(3): 313- 328.
  • CAMPOS, Nauro F. and Jeffrey B. NUGENT (1999). Development Performance and the Institutions of Governance: Evidence from East Asia and Latin America, World Development, 27(3): 439- 452.
  • DRECHSLER, Wolfgang (2004). Governance, Good Governance, And Government: The Case For Estonian Administrative Capacity, Trames, 8(4): 388–396.
  • ECA – Economic Comission for Africa. (2005). African Governance Report, Printed by the ECA Documents Reproduction and Distribution Unit, Addis Ababa, Etiyopya.
  • GRAHAM, John and Elder C. MARQUES (2000). Understanding Constitutions: A Roadmap for Communities, Ottawa: Institute On Governance.
  • GÜZELSARI, Selime (2003). Neo-Liberal Politikalar ve Yönetişim Modeli, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 36(2): 17-34.
  • INSTITUTE On GOVERNANCE (1997). The Governance Cooperative Capacity Map, Ottawa.
  • HYDEN, Goran (1999). Governance and the Reconstitutions of Political Order, R. Joseph, (Ed.), State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner
  • JESSOP, Bob (1998). The Rise of Governance and The Risks of Failure: The Case of Economic Development, International Social Science Journal, 50(155): 29-45.
  • JOHNSON, Isabelle (1997). Redefining the Concept of Governance, Political and Social Policies Division, Gatineau, QC: Canadian International Development Agency,
  • KAUFMANN, Daniel (2003) Rethinking Governance Empirical Lessons Challenge Orthodoxy, Discussion Paper, March 11th, 2003, The World Bank
  • KJÆR, Anne Mette (2007). Governance: Key Concepts, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • KRAHMANN, Elke (2003). National, Regional, and Global Governance: One Phenomenon or Many?, Global Governance, 9(3): 323-346.
  • LAFFERTY, William M. (2004). Introduction: form and Function in Governance for Sustainable Development, W. M. Lafferty (Ed.), Governance for Sustainable Development: The Challenge of Adapting Form to Function, 1-31, Cheltenhan, UK:Edward Elgar.
  • LOCKE, Wade and Stephen G. TOMBLIN (2003) Good Governance, a Necessary but Not Sufficient Condition for Facilitating Economic Viability in a Peripheral Region: Cape Breton as a Case Study, Discussion Paper, Sidney: The Cape Breton Regional Municipality.
  • MARTIN, Ioanna Sahas (1998). Building a Learning Network on Governance: The Experience of the Governance Cooperative, Ottowa: Building Policy Capacity Publications, Institute On Governance.
  • MEADOWCROFT, James (2004). Participation and Sustainable Development: Modes of Citizen, Community and Organisational Involvement, W. M. Lafferty (Ed.), Governance for Sustainable Development: The Challenge of Adapting Form to Function, 163-190, Cheltenhan, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • MILLSTEIN, Ira M. (1998). Corporate governance : improving competitiveness and access to capital in global markets, a report to the OECD / by the Business Sector Advisory Group on Corporate Governance, Paris : OECD.
  • MONKS, Robert A. G. And Nell MINOW (1995). Corporate governance, First Edition, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
  • OECD. (1993). DAC Orientations on Participatory Development and Good Governance, High Level Meeting on 13 and 14 December 1993, OCDE/GD(93)19, Paris: Development Assistance Committee.
  • ORUBU, Cristopher O. and Patince O. AWOPEGBA (2004). Market Economies, Globalisation and the Role of Good Governance in the Development Process: Challenges for the Nigerian Economy, Journal of Social. Sciences, 9(3): 163-175.
  • PLUMPTRE Tim and John GRAHAM (1999). Governance and Good Governance: International and Aboriginal Perspectives, Ottawa: Institute On Governance.
  • RHODES, R. A. W. (1997a). Understanding Governance. Policy, Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability, Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • RHODES, R. A. W. (1997b). From Marketisation to Diplomacy: It‟s the Mix that Matters, Australian Journal of Public Administration, 56(2): 40-53.
  • ROBERTS, John M. And Fiona DEVINE (2003). The Hollowing Out of the Welfare State and Social Capital, Social Policy & Society, 2(4): 309-318.
  • ROSE, Nikolas (1996). Governing “Advanced” Liberal Democracies, M. Bevir (ed.), Theories Governance, 355-378, London: Sage Publication.
  • ROSENAU, James N. (1995). Governance in the Twenty-first Century, Global Governance, 1(1): 13-43.
  • ROSENAU, James N. (1992). Governance, Order, and Change in World Politics, Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, Eds: J. N. Rosenau ve Ernst-Otto Czempiel, 1-30, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • STOKER, Gerry (1998). Governance as theory: five propositions, International Social Science Journal, 50(155): 17-28.
  • UNDP, (2005). How to Guide: MDG – Based National Development Strategies, New York: Poverty Reduction Group – Bureau for Development Policy.
  • UNESCAP - United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, (2007). What is Good Governance?, http://www.unescap.org/huset/gg/governance.htm (Erişim 30.12.2007) United Nations Commission on Global Governance. (1995). Our Global Neighborhood, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • WANG, Henry (2004). Socialism and Governance, UK: Trafford Publishing.
  • WEISS, Linda (1999). Globalization and National Governance: Antinomy or Interdependence?, Review of International Studies, 25(5): 59-88.
  • WOHLMUTH, Karl (1998). Good Governance and Economic Development: New Foundations for Growth in Africa. Report from World Economics Seminar, Bremen University, Bremen: Institute for World Economics and International Management.
  • World Bank (2004). Local Development Discussion Paper, for International Local Development Conference June 2004, Quoted from Human Development, Social Development, and Public Sector Management Networks. www.worldbank.org/-publicsector/- decentralization/-LDDPfinalconferenceversion.doc. (Erişim: 24.12.2007)
  • World Bank (1992). Governance and Development. Washington, D.C.: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
  • World Bank (1989). Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth, A Long-Term Perspective Study. Washington DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. WRIGHT, Vincent (1994). Reshaping the State: The Implications for Public Administration, Western European Politics, 17(3): 102-
  • VIGODA, Eran (2002). From Responsiveness to Collaboration: Governance, Citizens, and the Next Generation of Public Administration, Public Administration Review, 62(5): 527-540.
  • ZABÇI, Filiz Ç. (2002). Dünya Bankası‟nın Küresel Pazar içi Yeni Stratejisi: Yönetişim, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, 57(3): 151-179.