Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Karanlık Üçlü: HEXACO Kişilik Özelliklerinin Yordayıcı Rolü

Alan yazında karşıt kutuplarda yer aldığı öne sürülen Karanlık Üçlü kişilik özellikleri ile HEXACO kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkilerin ele alınmasının önemi sıklıkla vurgulanmaktadır. Diğer yandan, Karanlık Üçlü kişilik özelliklerinin HEXACO kişilik modeli çerçevesinde ve Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencileri odağında henüz yeterince incelenmediği gözlemlenmektedir. Bu bakış açısıyla ele alınan bu çalışmada HEXACO kişilik özelliklerinin (deneyime açıklık, dışadönüklük, uyumluluk, duyarlılık, sorumluluk ve dürüstlük-alçakgönüllülük), Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencilerinin Karanlık Üçlü (Makyavelizm, narsisizm ve psikopati) düzeylerini ne derece yordadıklarının incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, 2017-2018 eğitim öğretim yılında bir vakıf üniversitesinin çeşitli fakültelerinde öğrenimini sürdüren 388 (250 kadın, 138 erkek) lisans düzeyindeki öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmada Kişisel Bilgi Formunun yanısıra, Karanlık Üçlü Kişilik Ölçeği ve HEXACO Kişilik Ölçeği olarak adlandırılan toplam iki ölçüm aracı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin analiz edilmesi amacıyla basit korelasyon ve çoklu regresyon analizi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre dürüstlük-alçakgönüllülük, deneyime açıklık, duyarlılık ve uyumluluk değişkenlerinin Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencilerinin Makyavelizm ve psikopati eğilimlerini anlamlı düzeyde yordadıkları belirlenmiştir. Diğer yandan, Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencilerinin narsisizm eğilimlerini yordayan değişkenlerin ise sırasıyla dışadönüklülük, dürüstlük-alçakgönüllülük, sorumluluk ve deneyime açıklık olduğu görülmüştür. Bulgular diğer bir açıdan incelendiğinde, dürüstlük-alçakgönüllülük ve deneyime açıklık HEXACO kişilik özellikleri, Karanlık Üçlüyü oluşturan Makyavelizm, narsisizm ve psikopati eğilimlerinin üçünü de açıklayan ortak faktörler olarak belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, duyarlık ve uyumluluk kişilik özellikleri ise üniversite öğrencilerinin sadece Makyavelizm ve psikopati eğilimlerini negatif yönde yordayan faktörlerdir. Diğer yandan, dışadönüklük ve sorumluluk kişilik özellikleri ise sadece narsisizm eğilimini pozitif yönde belirleyen faktörler olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, alan yazın temelinde tartışılmış ve ardından alandaki çeşitli uygulamalara ve gelecek çalışmalara yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Karanlık üçlü, HEXACO kişilik özellikleri, Makyavelizm, narsisizm, psikopati, üniversite öğrencileri

Dark Triad Among University Students: The Predictive Roles of HEXACO Personality Traits

The importance of addressing the relationships between Dark Triad traits and HEXACO personality traits as opposite poles is often emphasized in literature. On the other hand, it was observed that Dark Triad traits have not been examined sufficiently within the framework of the HEXACO model of personality among university students in Turkey. In this context, the purpose of this study was to explore the extent in which HEXACO personality traits (openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness, emotionality, conscientiousness and honesty-humility) predicted Dark Triad (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) levels of university students in Turkey. The sample of the study was comprised of 388 (250 Female, 138 Male) undergraduate students registered in diverse departments of a private university in the academic year of 2017-2018. Two instruments, namely, Short Dark Triad Scale and HEXACO Personality Inventory were utilized in the study. Simple correlation and multiple regression analyses were applied to analyze the research data. The results of the study showed that honesty-humility, openness to experience, emotionality and agreeableness were the significant predictors of both Machiavellianism and psychopathy tendencies of university students in Turkey. On the other hand, extraversion, honesty-humility, conscientiousness and openness to experience had significant predictive roles on the narcissistic tendencies of university students in Turkey. The present study also demonstrated that both honesty-humility and openness to experience among six HEXACO factors were significant predictors of all Dark Triad personalities of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. However, the HEXACO factors of emotionality and agreeableness were significant negative predictors of two Dark Triad traits of Machiavellianism and psychopathy, while extraversion and conscientiousness were significant positive predictors of narcissism only. Implications of the study findings were discussed, and some suggestions were submitted for additional research and implementation.

Keywords:

Dark triad, HEXACO personality traits, Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, university students,

PDF

___

Aghababaei, N. ve Blachnio, A. (2015). Well-being and the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 365-368.
Aghababaei, N., Mohammadtabar, S. ve Saffarinia, M. (2014). Dirty Dozen vs. H factor: Comparison of the Dark Triad and Honesty-Humility in prosociality, religiosity, and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 6-10.
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSMIII (3rd ed.). Washington, DC, US:
American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). Arlington, VA, US: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Ardıç, K. ve Özsoy, E. (2016, Aralık). Examing the relationship between the Dark Triad Traits and Big Five personality dimension. Proceedings of the Fifth European Academic Research Conference on Global Business, Economics, Finance and Banking’de sunulan bildiri, İstanbul. ISBN: 978-1943579-44-0.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480.
Ashton, M. C. ve Lee, K. (2001). A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality. European Journal of Personality, 15(5), 327-353.
Ashton, M. C. ve Lee, K. (2005). A defence of the lexical approach to the study of personality structure. European Journal of Personality, 19(1), 5-24.
Ashton, M. C. ve Lee, K. (2007). Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure, Personality & Social Pychology Review, 11(2), 150-166.
Ashton, M. C. ve Lee, K. (2009). The HEXACO-60: A short measure of the major dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(4), 340-345.
Ashton, M. C. ve Lee, K. (2010). On the cross-language replicability of personality factors. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(4), 436-441.
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K. ve De Vries, R. E. (2014). The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality Factors: A review of research and theory. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(2), 139-152.
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K. ve Goldberg, L. R. (2004). A hierarchical analysis of 1,710 English personalitydescriptive adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(5), 707-721.
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., De Vries, R. E., Di Blas, L., Boies, K. ve De Raad, B. (2004). A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: Solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 356-366.
Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C. ve Egloff, B. (2010). Why are narcissists so charming at first sight? Decoding the narcissism-popularity link at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 132-145.
Banks, G. C., Forsyth, D., O’Boyle, E. H. ve Story, P. A. (2013). A meta-analytic review of the Dark Triad–intelligence connection. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(6),789-794.
Book, A., Visser, B. A. ve Volk, A. A. (2015). Unpacking ‘‘evil’’: Claiming the core of the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 73, 29-38.
Brummelman, E., Thomaes, S. ve Sedikides, C. (2016). Separating narcissism from self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(1), 8-13.
Bulut, M. B. ve Ulu, M. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kişilik özelliklerinin HEXACO ile ölçülmesi. Bilimname, 2, 443-463.
Campbell, W. K. ve Foster, C. A. (2002). Narcissism and commitment in romantic relationships: An investment model analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(4), 484-495.
Campbell, M. A., French, S., Gendreau, P. (2009). The prediction of violence in adult offenders: A metaanalytic comparison of instruments and methods of assessment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(6), 567-590.
Campbell, W. K., Rudich, E. A. ve Sedikides, C. (2002). Narcissism, self-esteem, and the positivity of self-views: Two portraits of self-love. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 358-368.
Carter, G. L., Campbell, A. C. ve Muncer, S. (2013).The Dark Triad: Beyond a ‘male’ mating strategy. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 159-164.
Chatterjee, A. ve Hambrick, D. C. (2007).It’s all about me: Narcissistic chief executive officers and their effects on company strategy and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(3), 351386.
Chickering, A. ve Reisser, L. (1993). Education and identity. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Christie, R. ve Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
Cleckley, H. (1988). The mask of sanity (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Cooke, D. J. (1998). Cross-cultural aspects of psychopathy. T. Millon, E. Simonsen, M. Birket-Smith ve R. D. Davis (Eds.), Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior içinde (s. 260-276). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Costa, P. T. ve McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO Personality Inventory–Revised (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Davis, D. M. ve Jonason, P. K. (2018). A gender role of the Dark Triad Traits. Personality and Individuals Differences,125, 102-105.
Dinić, B. M. ve Wertag, A. (2017). Effects of Dark Triad and HEXACO traits on reactive/ proactive aggression: Exploring the gender differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 4449.
Egan, V. ve Jakobwitz, S. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 2, 331-339.
Furnham, A. ve Crump, J. (2005). Personality traits, types, and disorders: An examination of the relationship between three self-report measures. European Journal of Personality, 19(3), 167-184.
Furnham, A., Richards, S. C ve Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The Dark Triad of personality: A 10-year review. Social and Personality Compass, 7(3), 199-216.
Furnham, A., Richards, S., Rangle ve L., Jones, D. (2014). Measuring malevolence: Quantitative issues surrounding the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 114-121.
Furtner, M. R., Rauthmann, J. F. ve Sachse, P. (2011). The self-loving self-leader: Examining associations among Self-Leadership and the Dark Triad. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39(3), 369-380.
Giammarco, E. A. ve Vernon, P. A. (2014). Vengeance and the Dark Triad: The role of empathy and perspective taking in trait forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 23-29.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 2634.
Gordon, D. S. ve Platek, S. M. (2009). Trustworthy? The brain knows: Implicit neural responses to faces that vary in Dark Triad personality characteristics and trustworthiness. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 3, 182-200.
Hare, R. D. (1980). A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 111-117.
Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare psychopathy checklist-revised (PCL-R). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: MultiHealth Systems.
Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare psychopathy checklist – Revised. Toronto, Canada: MHS.
Hare, R. D. ve Neumann, C. S. (2008). Psychopathic traits in a large community sample: Links to violence, alcahol use and intelligence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(5), 893899.
Hare, R. D., Paulhus, D. L. ve Williams, K. M. (2007). Capturing the four-factor structure of psychopathy in college students via self-report. Journal of Personal. Assessment. 88(2), 205-219.
Hashemi, F. O. ve Yusefi, R. (2015). The role five personality factors with narcissism and psychopathy in prediction of Dark Triad. Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Research, 1(7), 119-124.
Hass, S., Waschbusch, D., Pelham, W., King, S., Andrade, B. ve Carrey, N. (2011).Treatment response in CP/ADHD children with callous/unemotional traits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 541-552.
Hodson, G., Book, A., Visser, B. A., Volk, A. A., Ashton, M. C. ve Lee, K. (2018). Is the Dark Triad common factor distinct from low Honesty-Humility? Journal of Research in Personality, 73, 123129.
Hodson, G., Hogg, S. M. ve Macinnis, C. C. (2009). The role of “dark personalities” (narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy), Big Five personality factors, and ideology in explaining prejudice. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 686-690.
Holtzman, N. S. ve Strube, M. J. (2010). Narcissism and attractiveness. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(1), 133-136.
Jonason, P. K., Kaufman, S. B., Webster, G. D. ve Geher, G. (2013). What lies beneath the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen: Varied relations with the Big Five. Individual Differences Research, 11(2), 81-90.
Jonason, P. K. ve McCain, J. (2012). Using the HEXACO model to test the validity of the Dirty Dozen measure of the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 935-938.
Jonason, P. K., Webster, G. D., Schmitt, D. P., Li, N. P. ve Crysel, L. (2012). The antihero in popular culture: A life history theory of the dark triad. Review of General Psychology, 16(2), 192-199.
Jones, D. N. (2013). Psychopathy and Machiavellianism predict differences in racially motivated attitudes and their affiliations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 367-378.
Jones, D. N. ve Figueredo, A. J. (2013). The core of darkness: Uncovering the heartof the Dark Triad. European Journal of Personality, 27, 521-531.
Jones, D. N. ve Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of the Dark Triad personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41.
Kanten, P. (2014). Narsistik kişilik özelliğinin örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı üzerindeki etkisinde örgüt ikliminin düzenleyici rolü. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi, 25(76), 160-184.
Kesgin, A. (2015). Machiavelli and Machiavelianism. An International Journal of Philosophy, 5(1), 105-139.
Lee, K. ve Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(2), 329-358.
Lee, K. ve Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism in the Five-Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(7), 1571-1582.
Lee, K. ve Ashton, M. (2008). The HEXACO personality factors in the indigenous personality lexicons of English and 11 other languages. Journal of Personality, 76, 1001-1054.
Lee, K. ve Ashton, M. C. (2012). The H factor of personality: Why some people are manipulative, self-entitled, materialistic, and exploitive-and why it matters for everyone. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Lee, K. ve Ashton, M. C. (2014). The Dark Triad, the Big Five, and the HEXACO model. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 2-5.
Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Ogunfowora, B., Bourdage, J. S.ve Shin, K. H. (2010). The personality bases of socio-political attitudes: The role of Honesty-Humility and Openness to Experience. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(1), 115-119.
Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Wiltshire, J., Bourdage, J. S., Visser, B. A. ve Gallucci, A. (2013).Sex, power, and money: Prediction from the Dark Triad and honesty-humility. European Journal of Personality, 27(2), 169-184.
McDonald, R., Dodson, M., Rosenfield, D. ve Jouriles, E. (2011). Effects of a parenting interventions on features of psychopathy in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 1013-1023.
Mealey, L. (1995). Primary sociopathy (psychopathy) is a type, secondary is not. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19, 579-599.
Monaghan, C., Bizumic, B. ve Sellbom, M. (2016). The role of Machiavellian views and tactics in psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 72-81.
Moshagen, M., Thielmann, I., Hilbig, B. E. ve Zettler, I. (2019). Meta-analytic investigations of the HEXACO Personality Inventory(-Revised): Reliability generalization, self–observer agreement, intercorrelations, and relations to demographic variables. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 227(3), 186-194.
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H. ve Meijer, E. (2017). The malevolent side of human nature: A meta-analysis and critical review of the literature on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 183-204.
Noyan, C. O. (2008). Antisosyal kişilik bozukluğu tanılı bireylerin karar verme süreçleri ile psikopati ve mizaç-karakter özellikleri arasındaki ilişki. (Yayınlanmamış Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi). GATA, Haydarpaşa Eğitim Hastanesi, Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
O’Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D., Banks, G. C., Story, P. A. ve White, C. D. (2015). A meta-analytic test of redundancy and relative importance of the Dark Triad and Five-Factor Model of Personality. Journal of Personality, 83(6), 644-664.
Orth, U. ve Luciano, E. C. (2015). Self-esteem, narcissism, and stressful life events: testing for selection and socialization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(4), 707-721.
Ozan, E., Kırpınar, İ., Aydın, N., Fidan, T. ve Oral, M. (2008). Narsistik kişilik bozukluğu gelişim süreçleri ve yaşamı. RCHP (Rewiew, Cases and Hypothesis in Psychiatry), 2, 1-2.
Özdemir, O., Güzel-Özdemir, P., Kadak, M. T. ve Nasıroğlu, S. (2012). Kişilik gelişimi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4(4), 566-589.
Özsoy, E., Rauthmann, J. F., Jonason, P. K. ve Ardıç, K. (2017). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD-T), Short Dark Triad (SD3-T), and Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS-T). Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 11-14.
Pascarella, E. T. ve Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How college affects students: Findings and ınsights from twenty years of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Paulhus, D. L., Neumann, C. S. ve Hare, R. D. (2017). SRP-4: Self-Report Psychopathy Scale-Fourth Edition. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Paulhus, D. L. ve Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556-563.
Raskin, R. N. ve Hall, C. S. (1979). Narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590.
Rauthmann, J. F. (2012). The Dark Triad and interpersonal perception: Similarities and differences in the social consequences of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(4), 487-496.
Rauthmann, J. F. ve Kolar, G. P. (2012). How “dark” are the Dark Triad traits? Examining the perceived darkness of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 884-889.
Rhodewalt, F. ve Peterson, B. (2009). Narcissism. M. R. Leary ve R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavioriçinde (s. 547-560). New York: Guildford Press.
Salekin, R. T. ve Lynam, D. R. (2010). Child and adolescent psychopathy: An introduction. R. T. Salekin ve D. R. Lynam (Eds.), Handbook of child and adolescent psychopathy içinde (s. 1-12). New York: Guilford Press.
Salekin, R. T., Tippey, J. G. ve Allen, A. D. (2012). Treatment of conduct problem youthwith interpersonal callous traits using mental models: Measurement of risk and change. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 30, 470-486.
Silva, D. R., Rijo, D. ve Salekin, R. T. (2013). Child and adolescent psychopathy: Assessment issues and treatment needs. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(1), 71-78.
Smith, E. E., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Fredrickson, B. L., Loftus, G. R., Bem,D. J. ve Maren, S. (2015). Atkinson ve Hilgard: Psikolojiye Giriş (14. baskı, Ö. Öncül ve D. Ferhatoğlu, Çev.). Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınevi.
Spain, S. M., Harms, P. ve Leberton, J. M. (2014). The dark side of personality at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 41-60.
Türk Dil Kurumu. (2019, 10 Mart). Güncel Türkçe sözlük.Erişim adresi: http://www.tdk.gov.tr
Twenge, J. M. ve Campell, K. (2009). The Narcissism epidemic: Living in the age of entitlement. New York: Free Press.
Vernon, P. A., Villani, V. C., Vickers, L. C. ve Harris, J. A. (2008). A behavioral genetic investigation of the Dark Triad and the Big 5. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(2), 445-522.
Veselka, L., Schermer, J. A., Martin, R. A. ve Vernon, P. A. (2010). Relations between humor style and the Dark Triad traits of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 772-774.
Veselka, L., Schermer, J. A. ve Vernon, P. (2012). The Dark Triad and a expanded framework of personality. Personality and Indıvıduals Differences 53(4), 417-425.
Wai, M. ve Tiliopoulos, N. (2012). The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 794-799.
Wasti, S. A., Lee, K., Ashton, M. C. ve Somer, O. (2008). Six Turkish personality factors and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(6), 665-684.
Yazgan-İnanç, B. ve Yerlikaya, E. E. (2008). Kişilik kuramları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Yurtsever, H. (2009). Kişilik özelliklerinin stres düzeyine etkisi ve stresle başa çıkma yolları: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir. Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu (YÖK). (2019).
Yükseköğretim bilgi yönetim sistemi: Öğrenci istatistikleri. Erişim adresi: https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/