Toplumsal Olaylara Dair Episodik ve Semantik Bellek Süreçlerinin Heyecanlanma Düzeyi ile İlişkisinin Yaş ve Heyecanın Ölçüm Türü Açısından İncelenmesi

Araştırmanın temel amacı toplumsal olaylara dair episodik (EB) ve semantik bellek (SB) süreçleri ile heyecanlanma arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu ilişkinin yaş grupları arasında farklılıklar gösterip göstermediğini, öz-değerlendirmelere dayanan heyecanlanma ile fizyolojik ölçümlerle saptanan heyecanlanma düzeyi arasındaki tutarlılığı ve olayların fenomonolojik özelliklerini bellek türüne ve heyecanlanma düzeyine göre incelemektir. Bu amaçla, 18-25 yaş arası 32 genç yetişkin bireyden (Ort. = 20.60, SS = 2.22), 40-55 yaş arası 33 orta yaş yetişkin bireyden (Ort. = 47.32, SS = 6.60) ve 60-75 yaş arası 30 yaşlı bireylerden (Ort. = 69.97, SS = 6.16) veri toplanmıştır. Katılımcılardan kendilerine sunulan 10 adet toplumsal olay için hatırlama/bilme değerlendirmesi yapmaları istenmiştir. Sonrasında hem sunulan olayın içeriğine ilişkin (SB) hem de olayı haber alma bağlamının hatırlanmasına ilişkin (EB) soruları cevaplamışlardır. Son olarak, hatırlama sırasındaki heyecan düzeylerini belirtmiş ve olayları önem, duygusal yük ve yoğunluk gibi fenomonolojik özellikler açısından değerlendirmişlerdir. Heyecanlanma düzeyi GSR (Galvanic skin response) cihazı ile fizyolojik ölçümler yapılarak da değerlendirilmiştir. Öz-bildirime dayalı heyecanlanma düzeyinin SB süreçlerine kıyasla EB için yüksek olduğu gözlemlenirken, heyecanlanmanın beş fizyolojik gösterge için farklı örüntüler gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Heyecanlanma düzeyi arttıkça EB ve SB performansları da artmış ve genç bireyler diğer iki yaş grubuna kıyasla daha yüksek heyecanlanma seviyesi ve daha hızlı fizyolojik tepki göstermişlerdir. Fenomonolojik özellikler incelendiğinde ise hatırlanan olaylar, bilinenlere kıyasla daha önemli, duygusal olarak da daha yoğun ve olumsuz olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, heyecanlanma düzeyi arttıkça olayın öneminin, duygu yoğunluğunun ve olumsuzluk derecesinin arttığı görülmüştür. Bulgulara ek olarak, öz-bildirimlerin güvenilirliği ve objektif ölçümlerin önemi tartışılmıştır. Son olarak, bu çalışmadaki bulgular ve sınırlılıklar göz önünde bulundurularak gelecek araştırmalar için öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Otobiyografik bellek, semantik bellek, episodik bellek, heyecanlanma ve bellek, toplumsal olaylar ve bellek, flaş bellek

Episodic and Semantic Memory Processes Regarding Public Events and Their Relationship with Arousal Level, Age and Measurement Type

The major aims of the study were to investigate (1) the potential differences in arousal levels for episodic (EM) and semantic memory (SM) processes regarding public events and the comparison of these differences for different age groups, (2) the consistency of self-report versus objective measures of arousal, and (3) phenomenological characteristics of the events as function of memory type and arousal level. The sample consisted of 32 young adults whose ages ranged between 18 and 25 years (M= 20.60, SD = 2.22), 33 middle-aged adults aged between 40 and 55 years (M = 47.32, SD = 6.60), and 30 elderly people aged between 60 and 75 years (M = 69.97, SD = 6.16). Participants were asked to make a remember/know judgment for the 10 public events presented to them. They further answered event-related questions (SM) and questions regarding the context of hearing about the event (EM). Moreover, they reported their arousal level during recall and evaluated each event in terms of phenomenological characteristics such as importance, emotional intensity, and valence. Arousal level was also measured using physiological measurements with the GSR device. Based on self-reports, EM processes were associated with higher arousal levels compared to SM processes whereas the five physiological indicators of arousal displayed different patterns. Both EM and SM performance displayed an increase together with the increasing arousal levels, and young participants displayed higher levels of arousal and faster physiological responses than both middle-aged and elderly adults. When phenomenological characteristics were examined, remembered public events were rated more important, emotionally more intense and more negative than known events. Furthermore, higher arousal levels were associated with higher ratings of emotional intensity, importance and negativity. The reliability of self-reports and the critical role of applying objective measures were discussed together with the findings. Finally, some suggestions were proposed for future research on the basis of the current limitations and results.

Keywords:

Autobiographical memory, semantic memory, episodic memory, arousal and memory, public events memories, flashbulb memory,

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