İthal İkamesi, Üretkenlik ve Rekabet Edebilirlik: Türkiye ve Kore İmalat Sanayiinden Kanıtlar

Bu makale ithal ikamesi, emek verimliliği ve endüstriyel rekabet edebilirlik arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektedir. Analizlerde, 1981-2001 dönemlerini kapsayan UNIDO Industrial Demand Supply (2013) ve UNIDO Industrial Statistics (2013) verileri kullanılmıştır. Bulgularımız, 1980 sonrası Türkiye imalat sanayiinde ithal ikamesinin gerçekten terkedildiğini göstermektedir. Fakat Kore’de, özellikle 1990’lı yıllarda profesyonel ve bilimsel ekipmanlar, ulaşım araçları, elektrikli makinalar, endüstriyel kimyasallar, petrol rafinerileri ve petrol ürünleri endüstrilerinde ithal ikamesinin önemli bir paya sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Dengesiz dinamik panel data tahminlerine dayanan bulgularımız, ithal ikamesinin hem Kore hem de Türkiye imalat sanayilerinde emek verimliliğine önemli bir katkısının olmadığını göstermektedir. Fakat, hem Kore’de hem de Türkiye’de ithal ikamesinin endüstriyel rekabet edebilirliği olumlu olarak etkilediğini bulduk. Son olarak, bu çalışmada Kore imalat sanayii rekabet edebilirliğinin verimlilikle yakından ilişkili olduğunu, fakat Türkiye imalat sanayiinin rekabet edebilirliğinin emek verimliliğinden ziyade döviz kurları, ücret farklılıkları gibi faktörler bağlı olduğunu bulduk.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Üretkenlik, Rekabet Edebilirlik; İthal İkamesi; İmalat Sanayii; Türkiye; Kore

Import Substitution, Productivity and Competitiveness: Evidence from Korean and Turkish Manufacturing Industry

This paper examines the relation between import substitution, labour productivity and industrial competitiveness. The data used in the analysis are obtained from UNIDO Industrial Demand Supply (2013) and UNIDO Industrial Statistics (2013) databases and cover the period of 1981-2001. Our results show that Turkish economy has really left import substitution after 1980. However, we found significant share of import substitution in total production in professional and scientific equipment, transportation equipment, electrical machinery, miscellaneous petroleum products, industrial chemicals industries and petroleum refineries in Korea especially in the 1990s. Our findings based on unbalanced dynamic panel data estimations showed that import substitution did not enhance labour productivity in manufacturing industry of both Korea and Turkey. However, we found that import substitution affects industrial competitiveness positively in both Korea and Turkey. Finally, we found in this study that while Korean manufacturing industry competitiveness is closely associated with labour productivity, competitiveness of Turkish manufacturing industry depends on the factors such as exchange rates, wage differentials rather than labour productivity.

Keywords:

Productivity, Competitiveness; Import Substitution; Manufacturing; Turkey; Korea,

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