SİVİL KONTROL KAVRAMININ 17'NCİ YÜZYILDAN GÜNÜMÜZE GELİŞİMİ

Öz Bu makale, sivil kontrolün gelişimine ilişkin bir kavramsal çerçeve ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Modern liberal devletin bir kavramı olan sivil kontrol, ordunun otoritesinin siviller lehine sınırlandığı, ordunun sivillere karşı sorumlu olduğu ve kamusal karar alma mekanizmalarında sivillerin belirleyici rolünün güçlendirildiği belirli bir durumu ifade etmektedir. Sivil kontrolün kökeni 17’nci yüzyıl Toplumsal Sözleşme kuramcılarının tartışmalarına kadar geri götürülebilir. 19’uncu yüzyıldan itibaren kullanılmaya başlayan sivil kontrol kavramı, siyasal, ekonomik ve toplumsal yönleri olan bir kavram olarak gelişmiştir. Sivil kontrol, 20’nci yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren betimleyici ve kural koyucu bir yöntem çerçevesinde ele alınmaya başlamıştır. 20’nci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında, sivil kontrol alanyazınına, orduyu apolitik bir aygıta dönüştürmeyi amaçlayan profesyonelleşme yaklaşımı hâkim olmuştur. 20’nci yüzyılın sonundan itibaren ise, sivil kontrolün kamusal mekanizmalar yanında devlet dışı aktörler tarafından ve işletmecilik teknikleriyle sağlanmasına yönelik bir yaklaşım ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kapsamda, makale, sivil kontrol kavramının çok boyutlu olarak gelişim gösterdiğini ve sivil kontrol pratiğinin 20’nci yüzyılın sonundan itibaren devlet aygıtının sınırlarının dışına taşındığını göstermeye çalışmaktadır.

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