Smart Power Potential of the EU: Example of the Operation EUFOR Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Öz Despite growing interest in the concept of smart power, scholarly works on the substance and definition of this concept are always limited. In this paper, the EU’s exercise of smart power will be analyzed through the EU’s comprehensive approach in crisis management, using the EUFOR Althea operation as a case study. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the EU’s smart power potential and contribute to a better understanding of the concept of smart power which is still in the nascent state

Smart Power Potential of the EU: Example of the Operation EUFOR Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina

___

  • Aggestam, Lisbeth. "Introduction: Ethical power Europe?," International Affairs 84:1 (septembre 2008): 1-11.
  • Ashkenazi, Michael, Brethfeld Julie, Pietz Tobias. European Union SALW and ERW Programs in the Western Balkans. Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2003.
  • Bassuener, Kurt and Ferhatovic Enver. "The ESDP in action: The view from the consumer side." in European Security and Defense Policy: An Implementation Perspective, edited by M. Merlingen and R. Ostrauskaite, 173-188. Oxon: Routledge, 2008.
  • Bertin, Thomas. "The EU Military Operation in Bosnia"in European Security and Defence Policy, edited by M. Merlingen and R. Ostrauskaite, 61-77. London: Routledge, 2008.
  • Bratt, Duane. "Assessing the Success of UN Peacekeeping Operations." International Peacekeeping 3:4 (1996): 64-81.
  • Brown, Marjorie Ann. "United Nations Peacekeeping: Historical Overview and Current Issue." Report for Congress. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, 1993.
  • Conseil de l'UE. "Concept pour l'opération militaire de l'Union européenne en Bosnie-Herzégovine - Opération ALTHEA." 12576/04, Septembre 29, 2004. Date d'accès: Janvier 15, 2017. http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/fr/04/ st12/st12576.fr04.pdf.
  • Conseil de l'UE. Communiqué de Presse, 2922ème Session du Conseil-Affaires étrangères, 5685/10, Janvier 5, 2010. Date d'accès: Janvier 15, 2017. http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/fr/10/st05/st05686.fr10.pdf.
  • Conseil de l'UE. "Opération militaire de l'UE en Bosnie-Herzégovine, Secrétariat du Conseil de l'UE." 2009. Date d'accès: Janvier 17, 2017. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/090310- Factsheet_EUFOR_Althea-version14_FR.pdf.
  • Council of the EU. "Common Operational Guidelines for EUPM-EUFOR Support to The Fight Against Organised Crime." 10769/1/06, Mai 11, 2006. Date d'accès: Janvier 20, 2017. http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/06/st10/ st10769-re01.en06.pdf.
  • Cross, Mai'a Davis, "Europe, a smart power?." International Politics 48:6 (2011):6 91-706.
  • Diehl, Paul F., International Peacekeeping. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1994.
  • Diehl, Paul F. and Druckman Daniel. Evaluating Peace Operations. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2010.
  • Doyle, Michael and Sambanis Nicholas. "International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis." American Political Science Review 94:4 (2000): 780-95.
  • Druckman, Daniel and Diehl Paul F."Evaluating Peace Operations." in Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies, edited by J. Soeters, P. M. Shields and S. Rietjens, 261-272. NewYork, Routledge, 2014.
  • EEAS. "Althea/BIH." 2011. Date d'accès: Janvier 20, 2017. http://www.eeas. europa.eu/csdp/missions-and-operations/althea-bih/index_en.htm.
  • EU Military Staff. "Civil Military Co-ordination." Doc. 14457/03, Novembre 7, 2003. Date d'accès: Janvier 20, 2017 http://register.consilium.eu.int/pdf/en/03/st14/st14457.en03.pdf.
  • Europa. "Luc Frieden: "L'opération ALTHEA est un succès pour l'Europe"." 2005. Date d'accès: Janvier 20, 2017. http://www.eu2005.lu/fr/actualites/ communiques/2005/05/23cag-frieden02/index.html.
  • Europa. "Missions de l'Union européenne en Bosnie-Herzégovine." 2011. Date d'accès: Janvier 20, 2017. http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/ foreign_and_security_policy/cfsp_and_esdp_implementation/ps0008_fr.htm.
  • European Parliament. "CSDP Missions and Operations: Lessons learned processes." Directorate General for External Policies, Policy Department, April 2012.
  • European Union Law. Traité sur l'Union européenne, Journal officiel, No. C191, juillet 29, 1992. Date d'accès: Janvier 22, 2017. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/fr/ treaties/dat/11992M/htm/11992M.html.
  • Fortna, Virhina P.,Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008.
  • Guilhaudis, Jean-François. "Les institutions de sécurité (ONU, OTAN, UEO, CSCE, PESC) face à la crise de l'ex-Yougoslavie." Cahiers du CEDSI 17 (1997).
  • Hammarberg, Thomas, Report by Thomas Hammarberg, Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, Following his visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina on 27-30 November 2010, Strasbourg, March 29, 2011. Date d'accès: Janvier 22, 2017. https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?p=&id= 1766837&direct=true.
  • Howorth, Jolyon. Security and Defence Policy in the European Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  • Khanna, Parag. "The Metrosexual Superpower." Foreign Policy 143 (juin 2004).
  • Koops, Joachim. The European Union as Integrative Power. Brussels: Brussels University Press, 2011.
  • Leonard, Mark. "Europe's Transformative Power." CER Bulletin 40 (février-mars 2005).
  • Maczynska, Ewa A, "The EUPM and EUFOR Althea Missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina: An Evolution." Thèse de master d'histoire, West Virginia University, 2012.
  • Manners, Ian. Substance and Symbolism: An Anatomy of Cooperation in the New Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.
  • Mayer, Hartmuth et Vogt Henri. A Responsible Europe? Ethical Foundations of EU External Affairs. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Merlingen, Michael. "The CSDP in the Western Balkans: from experimental pilot to security governance." in The Routledge Handbook of European Security, edited by S. Biscop and R. Whitman, 145-158. NewYork: Routledge, 2013.
  • Ministere de la Défense. "Approche globale dans la gestion des crises extérieures." Concept interarmées, République Française, 2011. Date d'accès: Janvier 26, 2017. _____http://www.cicde.defense.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/20120621_np_cicde_cia-3- 4-approche-globale.pdf>(consulté le 25 juin 2016).
  • Nowak, Agnieszka. "L'Union en action: la mission de police en Bosnie." ISS Occasional Papers 42 (janvier 2003).
  • Nye, Joseph S. "Ignoring Soft Power." Chicago Tribune, Mai 16, 2004.
  • Nye, Joseph S. Soft Power: The means to succes in world politics. New York: PublicAffairs, 2004.
  • Nye, Joseph S. The Future of Power. New York: PublicAffairs, 2011.
  • Osland, Kari M. Much A do About Nothing? The Impact of International Assistance toPolice Reform in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Serbia and South Sudan. A Comparative Case Study and Developing a Model for Evaluating Democratic Policing. Oslo: University of Oslo/Akademika Publishing, 2014.
  • Peter, Mateja. "Measuring the Success of Peace Operations: Directions in Academic Literature." Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. Working Paper 862 (2016).
  • Ragaru, Nadege. "L'opération Althea en Bosnie-Herzégovine et la gestion européenne du "post-conflit"." Les Études du CERI 139 (Novembre 2007).
  • Romer, Jean-Christophe. "L'Union européenne face aux crises internationales: débuts et développements de la PESC et de la PESD." in 50 ans de traité de Rome 1957-2007, edited by M. T. Bitsch, 246-265. Stuttgart: F. Steiner Vlg, 2009.
  • Saferworld and Nansen Dialogue Centre Sarajevo. "The Missing Peace." August 2010. Date d'accès: Janvier 27, 2017. http://www.saferworld.org.uk/ The%20missing%20peace%20-%20English%20reduced.pdf.
  • Sicourmat, Camille, Bihan Benoist and Goya Michel. "L'axe du moindre mal: le plan d'Obama-McChrystal pour l'Afghanistan." Cahier de l'Irsem 2 (Mars 2010).
  • Todorov, Tzvetan. Le nouveau désordre mondial. Paris: Robert Laffont, 2003.
  • UNDP. "Bosnia and Herzegovina: Early Warning System Annual Report 2009." 2009. Date d'accès: Janvier 27, 2017. https://issuu.com/ undp_in_europe_cis/docs/bosnia_early_warning_report_2009.
  • Waltz, Kenneth. "Reflections on Theory of International Politics: A Response to My Critics." in Neorealism and Its Critic, edited by Robert O. Keohane. 322-345. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
  • Wilson, Ernest. "Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (2008): 110-124.