KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI ZORLUKLAR

Bu literatür taramasında, Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde kadın mahkumların cezaevinden çıktıktan sonra yüzleşmek zorunda kaldıkları zorlukları ve hayata katılım programlarının bu zorluklara nasıl eğilmesi gerektiği konusu incelenmektedir. Profilleme yoluyla mahkûm kadınların temel özellikleri ve suç kariyeri edinmelerinde rol oynayan hayat koşulları ortaya koyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hayata katılım konusundaki başlıca zorluklar ve mahkûm kadınların ıslah merkezlerinden çıktıktan sonra ihtiyaç duydukları hususlar, cinsiyet temelli bir yaklaşımla analiz edilmiştir. Son olarak, hayata katılım programlarının kadın suçlulara daha iyi ve etkin bir hizmet sunabilmesi için hangi özelliklerinin olması gerektiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmanın son bölümünde, cezaevinden çıkan kadın nüfusu ile birlikte çalışabilme kapasitesinin arttırılması için toplumsal kaynaklara yatırım yapılması, kadınların şartlı tahliye koşullarını ihlal etmesi riskini azaltabilmek için şartlı tahliye gözetiminde esneklik sağlanması gerekliliği ve cezaevinden çıkan kadın suçlulara kapsamlı hizmetler sunulması gibi bazı uygulama ve politikaların etkilerine yer verilmiştir. Farklı girişimlerin değerlendirilmesi ve etkinliklerinin tespit edilebilmesi için bu alanda daha fazla araştırma yapılması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kadın Mahkumlar, Hayata Katılımdaki Zorluklar, Cinsiyet Temelli Yaklaşım, Cezaevi, Politika

THE CHALLENGE OF REENTRY FOR FEMALE INMATES

Incarcerated women return to their communities from prison has been an enduring focus of interest in CriminalJustice. In this study, the author used academic literature about reentry to investigate the challenges regarding femalereentry process and programs in the United States. The results of this study provide strong support for policyimplications, which include investing in community resources that strengthen the capacity of neighborhoods towork with this population, the need of making parole supervision more flexible to reduce the risk that women failto meet their parole requirements, and providing comprehensive services to female offenders after their release.Finally, reentry programs for women offenders in order to provide better and more efficient service features aresuggested. Directions for future research are discussed so as to evaluate the different policy initiatives.

Keywords:

Female Inmates, The Challenge of Reentry, Gender-Based Approach, Prison, Policy,

PDF

___

Aebi, M. and Delgrande, N. (2008). SPACE I. Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics.
Survey 2006. http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_cooperation/
prisons_and_alternatives /statistics_space_i Erişim tarihi 10.11. 2008.
Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the
types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of
Research in Crime and Delinquency, 319-361.
Agnew, R., Broidy, L. (1997). Gender and crime: A general strain theory perspective.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American
Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
Berman, J. (2005). Women offender transition and reentry: Gender responsive
approaches to transitioning women offenders from prison to the
community. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Corrections, National
Institute of Corrections. ss. 1-44.
Bloom, B., Owen, B., & Covington, S. (2003).Gender-responsive strategies: Research,
practice, and guiding principles for women offenders. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Corrections. ss. 1-12.
Bloom, B., & Covington, S. (2009). Addressing the mental health needs of women
offenders. American Psychological Association, 160-176.
Bui, H. N., & Morash, M. (2010). The impact of network relationships, prison
experiences, and internal transformation on women's success after prison
release. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49(1), 1-22.
Cardelli, A.P., (1997), Violence And Intimacy, An Owerview, Violence Between
Intimate Partners, Patterns, Causes, And Effects, Ed. Cardelli, A.P. Alyn
& Bacon, Needham Heights, Ma.
Carlson, B., Shafer, M., & Duffee, D. (2010). Traumatic histories and stressful life
events of incarcerated parents II: Gender and ethnic differences in
substance abuse and service needs. The Prison Journal, ss. 494-515.
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) (1999). Substance abuse treatment for
women offenders: Guide to promising practices. Technical Assistance
Publication (TAP) Series 23. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration.
KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA
TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI Dr. Emirhan Darcan ZORLUKLAR
-
“Cezaevlerinde Dört Bin Kadın Mahkûm Var” http://www.haberx.com/cezaevlerinde
_4_bin_kadin_var(17,n,10398010,28.aspx/Erişim Tarihi : 30.09.2014
Covington, S. (2002). Helping women recover: Creating gender-responsive treatment.
In S.L.A. Straussner & S. Brown (Eds.). The handbook of addiction
treatment for women. s.52-72. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Currie, J., & Widom, C. (2010). Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect
on adult economic well being. Child Maltreatment, s. 111-120
Dehart, D. (2005). Pathways to prison: Impact of victimization in the lives of
incarcerated women. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice,
National Institute of Corrections.
Demirbaş, T., 2001. Kriminoloji, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, ss. 340.
Doolen, D., Jones, R., Moore, K., Green, D., Newkirk, C., Rechtine, D., et al. (2002).
Incarcerated women, HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C: Challenges inside
the walls and beyond. Positive Populations, 3 (5), ss. 1-9.
Evans, L. (2006). Locked Up, Then Locked Out: Women Coming Out of Prison.
Women & therapy, 29(3/4), ss. 285-308.
Fogel, C.I. (1993). Hard time: The stressful nature of incarceration for women. Issues
in Mental Health Nursing, 14, ss. 367-377.
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum.
Freudenberg, N., Wilets, I., Greene, M. & Richie, B. (1998). Linking women in jail to
community services: Factors associated with rearrest and retention of drugusing
women following release from jail. Journal of the American
Medical Women’s Association, s. 53, 89-93.
Gido, & Dalley. (2009). Women's mental health issues across the criminal justice
system. New Jersey: Pearson.
Greenfeld, L.A. & Snell, T.L. (1999). Women Offenders. Washington, DC: Bureau of
Justice Statistics. ss. 1-14.
Gottschalk, L.H., (2009), Transgendering Women’s Space: A Feminist Analysis of
Perspectives from Australian Women’s Studies International Forum,
No: 32, ss. 167-178.
SOSYAL POLİTİKA
ÇALIŞMALARI DERGİSİ Yıl:14 • Sayı: 32 • Ocak-Haziran 2014
-
Hairston, C. (2002). Prisoners and families: Parenting issues during incarceration.
Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
From Prisons to Home Conference, Washington, DC.
Harlow, C.W. (2003). Education and Correctional Populations. Washington DC:
Bureau of Justice Statistics. ss.1-12.
Hearn, J., (1998), The Violences of Men Talk about and How Agencies Respond to
Men’s Violence Against Women, Sage, Thousand Oaks, Ca.
Hoskins, R. (2000). Maricopa County partnership network responds to female
substance abusers in the criminal justice system. P. Modley (Ed.), Annual
review of topics in community corrections: Responding to women
offenders in the community (ss. 4-6). Washington, DC: National
Institute of Corrections.
Jacob, K.R., Braithwaite, R.L. & Newkirk, C.F. (2006). At the Intersection between
Poverty Race and HIV Infection: HIV-related Services for Incarcerated
Women. Infectious Diseases in Corrections Report, 9(6/7). Providence,
RI: Brown Medical School, Office of Continuing Medical Education. ss. 461-
-
Jacobs, A. (2001). Give ’em a fighting chance: Women offenders reenter society.
Criminal Justice Magazine, 16(1), ss. 44-47.
Kellman, L. (2001). 1997 Releases: Three-Year Post Release Follow-Up. New York:
State of New York Department of Correctional Services. ss. 1-4.
King’s College London. (2007). World Prison Brief. Retrieved from
http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/ (erişim tarihi
12. 2008)
Langan, P.A. & Levin, D.J. (2002). Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994.
Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. ss. 1-16.
Marcus-Mendoza, S. (2011). Feminist therapy with incarcerated women: Practicing
subversion in prison. Women and Therapy, ss. 77-92.
McDaniels-Wilson, C., & Belknap, J. (2008). The extensive sexual violation and sexual
abuse histories of incarcerated women. Violence against Women, 1090-1127.
Mumola, C.J. (1999). Substance Abuse and Treatment, State and Federal Prisoners,
Washington DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. ss. 1-16.
KADIN MAHKÛMLARIN CEZAEVİNDEN ÇIKTIKTAN SONRA
TOPLUMSAL HAYATA KATILMADA YAŞADIKLARI Dr. Emirhan Darcan ZORLUKLAR
-
Mumola, C.J. (2000). Incarcerated Parents and Their Children. Washington DC:
Bureau of Justice Statistics.
O'Brien, P. (2001). “Just Like Baking a Cake”: Women Describe the Necessary
Ingredients for Successful Reentry After Incarceration. Families in Society:
The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 82(3), ss. 287-295.
O'Brien, P. (2001b). Making It in the “Free World”: Women in Transition from
Prison. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Raj, A., Rose, J., Decker, M., Rosengard, C., Hebert, M., Stein, M., & Clarke, J. (2008).
Prevalence and patterns of sexual assault across the life span among
incarcerated women. Violence against Women, 528-541.
Reed, Beth Glover and Maureen E. Leavitt. (2000). Modified wraparound and women
offenders in community corrections: Strategies, opportunities, and tensions.
In M. McMahon (Ed.), Assessment to Assistance: Programs for Women
in Community Corrections (ss. 1-106). Lanham, MD: American
Correctional Association.
Reisig, M., Holtfreter, K., & Morash, M. (2006). Assessing recidivism risk across female
pathways to crime. Justice Quarterly, 384-405.
Reynolds, Kelli. (2013). The Accessibility of In-Prison Programming for Female
Offenders and Their Gender Specific Needs. In BSU Honors Program
Theses and Projects. Item 33. at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/33
Richie, B. (2001). Challenges incarcerated women face as they return to their
communities: Findings from life history interviews. Crime & Delinquency,
(3), ss. 368-389.
Sabol, W.J., Minton, T.D., & Harrison, P.M. (2007). Prison and Jail Inmates at
Midyear 2006. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics. ss. 1-22.
Spjeldnes, S., & Goodkind, S. (2009). Gender differences and offender reentry: A
review of the literature. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 48(4), 314-
-
Steadman, H.E. & Veysey, B. M. (1997). Providing services for jail inmates with mental
disorders. In National Institute of Justice Research: In Brief (U.S.
Department of Justice Publication No. NCJ 162207). Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Justice. ss. 1-12.
SOSYAL POLİTİKA
ÇALIŞMALARI DERGİSİ Yıl:14 • Sayı: 32 • Ocak-Haziran 2014
-
U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, & U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal
Bureau of Prisons. (2000.) Survey of Inmates in State and Federal
Correctional Facilities, 1997 [Computer file]. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI:
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and
distributor].
U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, & U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal
Bureau of Prisons. (2013.), Jail Inmates at Midyear 2013 - Statistical
Tables http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/jim13st.pdf
Van Voorhis, P., Pealer, J., Presser, L., Spiropoulis, G., & Sutherland, J. (2001).
Classification of women offenders: A national assessment of current
practices and the experiences of three states. Cincinnati, OH: University
of Cincinnati, The Center for Criminal Justice Research, s. 4.
Walmsley R., World prison population list. 13th edn. Home Office research
development and statistics directorate: international centre for prison
studies. London: KCL, 2013.
Wellisch, J., Anglin, M.D., & Prendergast, M.L. (1993). Treatment strategies for
drugabusing women offenders. In J.A. Inciardi (Ed.), Drug treatment and
criminal justice (ss. 5-25). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Whitaker, M.S. (2000). Responding to women offenders: Equitable does not mean
identical. In P. Modley (Ed.), Annual review of topics in community
corrections: Responding to women offenders in the community.
Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections, s. 5.