Batı Avrupa'da Özel Müslüman Okullarının Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar: İngiltere, Hollanda ve Fransa Örneği

Öz Batı Avrupa'da yaklaşık on milyon Müslüman yaşamaktadır. Bu sayı MüslümanlarınHıristiyanlardan sonra ikinci büyük dini grup olduğunu göstermektedir. BatıAvrupa'da sayıları hızla artan Müslümanlar kültürel, eğitimsel ve dini taleplerini güçlübir şekilde dile getirmeye başlamışlardır. Batı Avrupa'da yaşayan Müslümanların ihtiyaçlarındanen önemlisi, çocuklarının din eğitimi ihtiyacıdır. Çocuklarının kendi dinive kültürel değerlerine sadık olarak yetişmelerini hedefleyen Müslüman aileler, özelMüslüman okulları kurmaya yönelmişlerdir. Özel Müslüman okulları kurulması konusundaher bir devletin tutumu sorun çözme şeklinde ya da engel çıkarma ve karşı koymaşeklinde gerçekleşmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı İngiltere, Hollanda, Fransa'nın özelMüslüman okullarıyla ilgili politikası ve bu okulların karşılaştıkları çeşitli sorunları elealmaktır. Literatür tarama tekniği ile konuyla ilgili mevcut çalışmalara ve araştırmalaraulaşılmıştır; bunlar, araştırma problemi çerçevesinde analiz edilip sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Müslümanlar, Müslüman okulları, İslam okulları, Batı Avrupa

Muslim Schools in England, Holland and France: A Comparative Study

Keywords:

Muslims, Muslim schools, Islamic schools, Western Europe,

PDF

___

Aslan, E. (2009). Islamic education in Europe. Köln: Böhlau Verlag.
Avest, I. T., Bakker, C., Bertram-Troost, G., ve Miedema, S. (2007). Religion and education in the Dutch pillarized and post-pillarized educational sys- tem. In Religion and Education in Europe: Developments, Contexts and Debates (Editors: Robert Jackson, Siebren Miedema, Wolfram Weisse, Jean-Paul Willaime). Münster; New York; München; Berlin: Waxmann.
Bahçekapılı, M. (2011). Avrupa'da İslam Din Eğitimi Modelleri. M.Ü. İlâhiyat Fakültesi Din Eğitimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, (21), 21-64.
Bahçekapılı, M. ve Alakuş, F. (2009). Din Eğitimi Açısında İngiltere ve Türkiye. İstanbul: Ark Yayınları.
Baughn, L. (2014). Islamic education in Europe. http://www.euro-islam.info/ key-issues/education/#identifier_70_550.
Breen, D. (2009). A qualitative narrative of the transition from ındependent to voluntary aided status: A problem for the concept of the "Muslim School." In Islam in Education in European Countries (Editors: Aurora Alvarez Veinguer,Gunther Dietz,Dan-Paul Jozsa,Thorsten Knauth). Münster: Waxmann.
Buijs, F. J. ve Rath, J. (2002). Muslims in Europe: The state of research. New York City: The Russell Sage Foundation.
Catto, R. ve Davie, G. (2008). İngiltere. In AB Ülkelerinde Din-Devlet İlişkisi (Editörler: Ali Köse ve Talip Küçükcan). s. 151-173. İstanbul: İsam Yayınları.
Daun, H. ve Arjmand, R. (2005). Education in Europe and muslims demands for competitive and moral education. International Review of Education, 51(5-6), 403-426.
Daun, H. (2009). Religious education and Islam in Europe. In Inequality in Edu- cation: Comparative and International Perspectives (Editors: Donald B. Holsinger,W. James Jacob). New York: Comparative Education Research Centre.
Daun, H. ve Arjmand, R. (2005). Education in Europe and Muslim demands for competitive and moral education. International Review of Education / Internationale Zeitschrift Für Erziehungswissenschaft / Revue Internatio- nale de l'Education, 51(5/6), 403-426.
De Jong, J. ve Snik, G. (2002). Why should states fund denominational schools? Journal of Philosophy of Education, 36(4), 573-587.
Department of Children, Schools and Families. (2007). Faith in the system: The role of schools with a religious character in english education and soci- ety. Retrieved from http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/publications
Driessen, G. ve Merry, M. S. (2006). Islamic schools in the Netherlands: Expan- sion or marginalization? Interchange, 37(3), 201-223.
Driessen, G.; Valkenberg, Pim, ve Valkenberg, P. (2000). Islamic Schools in the Netherlands: Compromising between identity and quality? British Jour- nal of Religious Education, 23(1), 15-26.
Eurydice. (2003). Education system in England 2001-2002. http://www.eu- rydice.org/ Eurybase/Application, accessed 25 October 2003.
Fetzer, J. S., Soper, ve Christopher, J. (2005). Muslims and the state in Brit- ain, France, and Germany. Cambridge [England]; New York, N.Y.: Cam- bridge University Press.
Fuess, A. (2007). Islamic religious education in Western Europe : Models of inte- gration and German approach. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 27(2), 215-239.
Genç, M. F. (2012), Hollanda Okullarında Müslüman Çocukların Din Eğitimi ve İslam Okulları, Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 38, 361- 377
Hackett, Conrad, 5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe, Pew Re- search Center, 2015. (Erişim adresi: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact- tank/2015/01/15/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/)
Halstead, J. M. (2009). Islamic education in the United Kingdom. In Islamic Education in Europe (Editor: Ednan Aslan). Köln: Verlag.
Hurst, J. (2000). Religious requirements: the case for Roman Catholic schools in the 1940s and Muslim schools in the 1990s. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 21(1), 87-98.
IHF. (2005). Intolerance and discrimination against Muslims in the EU. Devel- opments since September 11. Vienna: International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights.
Jozsa, D. P. (2011). Islam and education in Europe: With special reference to Austria, England, France, Germany and the Netherlands. In Religion and Education in Europe: Developments, Contexts and Debates (Editors: Robert Jackson, Siebren Miedema, Wolfram Weisse, Jean-Paul Willaime). Münster: Waxmann.
Judge, H. (2001). Faith-based schools and state funding:a partial argument. Oxford Review of Education, 27(4), 463-474.
Kaymakcan, R. (2004). Günümüz İngiltere'sinde Din Eğitimi. İstanbul: DEM Yayınları.
Kerchove, A. van den. (2009). Islam within the Framework of "Laicite" Islam and Education in France. In Islam in Education in European Countries. Münster: Waxmann.
Küçükcan, T. (1998). Community, identity and institutionalisation of Islamic Edu- cation: The Case of Ikra Primary School in North London. British Journal of Religious Education, 21(1), 32-43.
Kuru, A. ve Yükleyen, A. (2006). Avrupa'da İslam, Laiklik ve Demokrasi: Fransa, Almanya ve Hollanda. İstanbul: Tesev Yayınları.
Kuyk, E. (2007). Religious education in Netherlands. In Religious Education in Eu- rope. Situation and current trends in schools. Oslo: IKO Publishing House.
Limage, L. J. (2000). Education and Muslim identity: The case of France. Com- parative Education, 36(1), 73-94.
Makdisi, G. (1981). The rise of colleges, Institutions of learning in Islam and the West. New York: Columbia University Press.
Marranci, G. (2004). Multiculturalism, Islam and the clash of civilisations theory: rethinking Islamophobia. Culture and Religion, 5(1), 105-117.
McCreery, E., Jones, L., ve Holmes, R. (2007). Why do Muslim parents want Mus- lim schools? Early Years, 27(3), 203-219.
Merry, M. S. (2007). Culture, Identity, and Islamic Schooling. New York: Palgrave.
Niehaus, I. (2009). Emancipation or disengagement? Muslim minorities and their Islamic Schools in Britain, the Netherlands and South Africa. In Islam in Ed- ucation in European Countries (Editors: Aurora Alvarez Veinguer,Gunther Dietz,Dan-Paul Jozsa,Thorsten Knauth) (pp. 113-129). Münster; New York; München; Berlin: Waxmann.
Niehaus, I. (2011). Emancipation or disengagement? Muslim minorities and their Islamic Schools in Britain, the Netherlands and South Africa. In Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa (Editors: Abdulkader Tayob,Inga Niehaus,Wolfram Weisse). New York: Waxmann.
Nielsen, J. S. (1992). Muslims in Western Europe. Edinburgh: University of Edin- burgh Press.
Open Society Institute. (2007). Muslims in the EU : cities report. S.l.: s.n.].
Parker-Jenkins, M., Hartas, Dimitra,, Irving, Barrie, A. (2005). In good faith : schools, religion, and public funding. Aldershot, Hants, England; Burling- ton, VT: Ashgate Pub.
Plank, D. N. ve Sykes, G. (1999). How choice changes the education system: A Michigan case study. International Review of Education, 45(5/6), 385-416.
Rath, J. (2001). Western Europe and its Islam. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
Sammons, P., Ellit, K., Taggart, B., Welcomme, W. ve Levacic, R. (2004). England. In Conditions of school performance in seven countries: A quest for understanding the ınternational variation of PISA results (pp. 65-149). Münster: Waxmann.
Shadid, W. A. R. ve van Koningsveld, P. S. (2006). Islamic Religious Education in the Netherlands. European Education, 38(2), 10-22.
Shadid, W. ve van Koningsveld, S. (1996). Political participation: the Muslim per- spective. In Political Participation and Identities of Muslims in non-Muslim States (pp. 2-13). The Netherlands: Kok Pharos.
Soper, J. C. ve Fetzer, J. S. (2003). Explaining the accommodation of Muslim reli- gious practices in France, Britain, and Germany. French Politics, 1, 39-59.
Soper, J. C. ve Monsma, S. V. (2005). Çoğulculuğun Meydan Okuması: Beş De- mokraside Kilise ve Devlet. Ankara: LDT Yayınları.
Sturm, J., Groenendıjk, Leendert, Bernard Kruithof ve Julialet Rens. (1998). Educa- tional Pluralism - A Historical Study of So-Called 'Pillarization' in the Neth- erlands, including A Comparison with Some Developments in South African Education, Comparative Education. 34(3), 281-297.
Underkuffler, L. S. (2001). Public funding for religious schools: Difficulties and dangers in a pluralistic society. Oxford Review of Education, 27(4), 577-592.
Veinguer, A. A., Dietz, G., Jozsa, D. P. ve Knauth, T. (2009). Islam in education in European Countries (Pedagogical Concepts and Empirical Findings). Ber- lin/New York/ München/Münster: Waxmann.
Walford, G., Daun, Holger. (2004). Educational strategies among Muslims in the context of globalization some national case studies. Retrieved from http:// public.eblib.com/EBLPublic/PublicView.do?ptiID=253720
Walford, G. (2010). Classification and framing of the curriculum in Evangelical Christian and Muslim Schools in England and the Netherlands. Educational Studies, 28(4), 403-419.
Wardak, A. (2002). The mosque and social control in Edinburgh's Muslim Com- munity. Culture and Religion, 3(2), 201-219.
Wingerden, M. R.-V., Westerman, W., ve Avest, I. T. (2009). Islam in Education in the Netherlands: History and Actual Developments. In Islam in Educa- tion in European Countries ((Editors: Aurora Alvarez Veinguer,Gunther Dietz,Dan-Paul Jozsa,Thorsten Knauth). Münster; New York; München; Berlin: Waxmann.