CEZA İNFAZ KORUMA PERSONELİNİN YAŞADIĞI PSİKO-SOSYAL SIKINTILAR VE ÇÖZÜME YÖNELİK PSİKO-EĞİTİM ÖNERİLERİ

Öz Bu çalışmanın odağını kapalı kapılar ardında işinin doğası gereği zor şartlar altında çalışmak zorunda olan infaz koruma personeli oluşturmaktadır. Güvenli, sağlıklı ve doyum elde edebileceği çalışma ortamına sahip olmayan infaz koruma personelinden görevini gereği gibi yerine getirmesini beklemek realiteden uzak bir yaklaşımdır. Dolaysıyla Cezaevi infaz koruma personelinin fiziksel ve psikolojik açıdan güçlenmesini ve psikolojik iyi oluşunun artmasını sağlamak oldukça önemli ve gereklidir. Bu personellerin psikolojik anlamda çeşitli ihtiyaçları bulunmaktadır. Cezaevinde çalışan ruh sağlığı çalışanlarının bu ihtiyaçlara psikolojik destek kapsamında hizmet verebilmesi oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında öncelikli olarak ceza infaz koruma personeli kavramı açıklanmış, ardından ceza infaz koruma personelinin sorumlulukları, karşılaştığı güçlükler, ceza infaz koruma personelini etkileyen psiko-sosyal faktörler ele alınmış ve son olarak ceza infaz personeline yönelik psikolojik değerlendirme ve psiko-eğitim önerileri sunulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın özellikle alanda çalışan ruh sağlığı ekibine rehber olacağı düşünülmektedir.

___

Alarid, L. F. (2009). Risk factors for potential occupational exposure to HIV: A study of correctional officers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(2), 114-122.

Appelbaum, K. L., Hickey, J. M., & Packer, I. (2001). The role of correctional officers in multidisciplinary mental health care in prisons. Psychiatric Services.

Armstrong, G. S., & Griffin, M. L. (2004). Does the job matter? Comparing correlates of stress among treatment and correctional staff in prisons. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(6), 577-592.

Armstrong, G. S., Atkin-Plunk, C. A., & Wells, J. (2015). The relationship between work–family conflict, correctional officer job stress, and job satisfaction. Criminal justice and behavior, 42(10), 1066-1082.

Auerbach, S. M., Quick, B. G., & Pegg, P. O. (2003). General job stress and job-specific stress in juvenile correctional officers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31(1), 25-36.

Badru, O. A., Ogunlesi, A. O., Ogunwale, A., Abdulmalik, J. O., & Yusuf, O. B. (2018). Prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression among correctional officers in a Nigerian prison. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 29(4), 509-526.

Baumeister, R., ve Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.

Beck, S. J. (2001). Bilişsel Terapi Temel İlkeler ve Ötesi [Cognitive Therapy Basics and Beyond]. N. Hisli Şahin (Çev.). Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.

Botha, C., & Pienaar, J. (2006). South African correctional official occupational stress: The role of psychological strengths. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(1), 73-84.

Bourbonnais, R., Jauvin, N., Dussault, J., & Vézina, M. (2007). Psychosocial work environment, interpersonal violence at work and mental health among correctional officers. International journal of law and psychiatry, 30(4), 355-368.

Cho, S., Noh, H., Yang, E., Lee, J., Lee, N., Schaufeli, W. B., & Lee, S. M. (2020). Examining the job demands-resources model in a sample of Korean correctional officers. Current Psychology, 1-14.

Cieslak, R., Korczynska, J., Strelau, J., & Kaczmarek, M. (2008). Burnout predictors among prison officers: The moderating effect of temperamental endurance. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 666-672.

Correia, K. M. (2000). Suicide Assessment in a Prison Environment A Proposed Protocol. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27(5), 581-599.

Costello, E., Bogue, J. E., Sarma, K., & McGuire, B. E. (2015). Chronic Pain in Irish Prison Officers: Profile and Predictors of Pain‐Related Disability and Depression. Pain Medicine, 16(12), 2292-2301.

Cullen, F. T., Link, B. G., Wolfe, N. T., & Frank, J. (1985). The social dimensions of correctional officer stress. Justice Quarterly, 2(4), 505-533.

Davidson, M. L. (2016). A Criminal Justice System–Wide Response to Mental Illness Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Memphis Crisis Intervention Team Training Curriculum Among Law Enforcement and Correctional Officers. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 27(1), 46-75.

Deci, E. L., ve Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01

Deci, E. L., ve Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 49(1), 14.

Dowden, C., & Tellier, C. (2004). Predicting work-related stress in correctional officers: A meta-analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(1), 31-47.

Drory, A., & Shamir, B. (1988). Effects of organizational and life variables on job satisfaction and burnout. Group & Organization Management, 13(4), 441-455.

Farkas, M. A. (1999). Correctional officer attitudes toward inmates and working with inmates in a “get tough” era. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27(6), 495-506.

Finn, P. (2000). Addressing Correctional Officer Stress: Programs and Strategies. Issues and Practices.

Gillan, T. (2001). Correctional Officer: One of Law Enforcement's Toughest Positions.

Goldberg, P., David, S., Landre, M. F., Goldberg, M., Dassa, S., & Fuhrer, R. (1996). Work conditions and mental health among prison staff in France. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 22 (1), 45-54.

Gordon, J. A., Proulx, B., & Grant, P. H. (2013). Trepidation among the “keepers”: Gendered perceptions of fear and risk of victimization among corrections officers. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(2), 245-265.

Härenstam, A., Palm, U. B., & Theorell, T. (1988). Stress, health and the working environment of Swedish prison staff. Work & Stress, 2(4), 281-290.

Harizanova, S., Mateva, N., & Turnovska, T. (2014). Study of Burn Out Among Employees in Penitentiary System. New Model of Burn Out Syndrome: Towards early diagnosis and prevention, 1, 147.

Holgate, A. M., & Clegg, I. J. (1991). The path to probation officer burnout: New dogs, old tricks. Journal of Criminal Justice, 19(4), 325-337.

Hu, S., Wang, J. N., Liu, L., Wu, H., Yang, X., Wang, Y., & Wang, L. (2015). The association between work-related characteristic and job burnout among Chinese correctional officers: a cross-sectional survey. Public health, 129(9), 1172-1178.

Huckabee, R. G. (1992). Stress in corrections: An overview of the issues. Journal of Criminal Justice, 20(5), 479-486.

Jin, X., Sun, I. Y., Jiang, S., Wang, Y., & Wen, S. (2016). The Impact of Job Characteristics on Burnout Among Chinese Correctional Workers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 0306624X16648419.

Kaya, N., Çilli, A. S., & Güler, Ö. (2003). Cezaevinde çalışan infaz ve koruma memurlarında psikiyatrik bozuklukların bir yıllık yaygınlığı. Genel Tıp Dergisi,13(2), 59-63.

Keinan, G., & Malach-Pines, A. (2007). Stress and burnout among prison personnel sources, outcomes, and intervention strategies. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(3), 380-398.

Konda, S., Reichard, A. A., & Tiesman, H. M. (2012). Occupational injuries among US correctional officers, 1999-2008. Journal of safety research, 43(3), 181-186.

Lai, Y. L., Wang, H. M., & Kellar, M. (2012). Workplace violence in correctional institutions in Taiwan: A study of correctional officers' perceptions. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 36(1), 1-23.

Lambert, E. G., & Paoline, E. A. (2005). The impact of medical issues on the job stress and job satisfaction of jail staff. Punishment & Society, 7(3), 259-275.

Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., & Jiang, S. (2010). A preliminary examination of the relationship between organisational structure and emotional burnout among correctional staff. The Howard journal of Criminal justice, 49(2), 125-146.

Lambert, E. G., Minor, K. I., Gordon, J., Wells, J. B., & Hogan, N. L. (2016). Exploring the Correlates of Perceived Job Dangerousness Among Correctional Staff at a Maximum Security Prison. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 0887403415623618.

Lambert, E. G., Minor, K. I., Wells, J. B., & Hogan, N. L. (2016). Social support's relationship to correctional staff job stress, job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. The Social Science Journal, 53, 22–32

Lambert, E., Hogan, N. L., Barton, S., & Clarke, A. (2002). The impact of instrumental communication and integration on correctional staff. The Justice Professional, 15(2), 181-193.

Law, F. M., & Guo, G. J. (2015). Correlation of Hope and Self-Efficacy With Job Satisfaction, Job Stress, and Organizational Commitment for Correctional Officers in the Taiwan Prison System. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 1(21), 0306624X15574997.

Liu, L., Hu, S., Wang, L., Sui, G., & Ma, L. (2013). Positive resources for combating depressive symptoms among Chinese male correctional officers: perceived organizational support and psychological capital. BMC psychiatry,13(1), 1.

McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Lipsenthal, L., & Arguelles, L. (2003). Impact of the power to change performance program on stress and health risks in correctional officers. Boulder Creek (CA): HeartMath Research Center, Institute of HeartMath.

McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Lipsenthal, L., & Arguelles, L. (2009). New hope for correctional officers: an innovative program for reducing stress and health risks. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 34(4), 251-272.

Meglino, B. M., Denisi, A. S., & Ravlin, E. C. (1993). Effects of previous job exposure and subsequent job status on the functioning of a realistic job preview. Personnel Psychology, 46(4), 803-822.

Moon, B., & Maxwell, S. R. (2004). The sources and consequences of corrections officers' stress: A South Korean example. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(4), 359-370.

Morgan, R. D., Van Haveren, R. A., & Pearson, C. A. (2002). Correctional officer burnout further analyses. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29(2), 144-160.

Obidoa, C., Reeves, D., Warren, N., Reisine, S., & Cherniack, M. (2011). Depression and work family conflict among corrections officers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(11), 1294-1301.

Peeters, M. C., Buunk, B. P., & Schaufeli, W. B. (1995). Social interactions and feelings of inferiority among correctional officers: A daily event-recording Approach. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(12), 1073-1089.

Peterson-Badali, M., & Koegl, C. J. (2002). Juveniles' experiences of incarceration: The role of correctional staff in peer violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(1), 41-49.

Pollak, C., & Sigler, R. (1998). Low levels of stress among Canadian correctional officers in the northern region of Ontario. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26(2), 117-128.

Quick, J. C., Quick, J. D., Nelson, D. L., & Hurrell Jr, J. J. (1997). Preventive stress management in organizations. American Psychological Association.

Satir, V. (2001). İnsan Yaratmak: Aile Terapisinin Başyapıtı (2. Baskı). S. Yeniçeri, (Çev.). İstanbul: Beyaz Yayınları.

Schaufeli, W. B., & Peeters, M. C. (2000). Job stress and burnout among correctional officers: A literature review. International Journal of Stress Management, 7(1), 19-48.

Slate, R. N., & Vogel, R. E. (1997). Participative management and correctional personnel: A study of the perceived atmosphere for participation in correctional decision making and its impact on employee stress and thoughts about quitting. Journal of Criminal Justice, 25(5), 397-408.

Stack, S. J., & Tsoudis, O. (1997). Suicide risk among correctional officers: A logistic regression analysis. Archives of Suicide research, 3(3), 183-186.

Stalgaitis, S. J., Meyers, A. W., & Krisak, J. (1982). A social learning theory model for reduction of correctional officer stress. Federal Probation, 46, 33–41.

Steiner, B., & Wooldredge, J. (2016). Individual and Environmental Influences on Prison Officer Safety. Justice Quarterly, 1-26. Stichman, A. J., & Gordon, J. A. (2015). A preliminary investigation of the effect of correctional officers’ bases of power on their fear and risk of victimization. Journal of Crime and Justice, 38(4), 543-558.

Szczepanik, R., Simpson, G., & Siebert, S. (2014). Prison officers in Poland: A profession in historical perspective. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 47(1), 49-58.

Tarrier N. (2006). Case Formulation in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: The Treatment of Challenging and Complex Clinical Cases. London, UK: Routledge.

Toch, H., & Klofas, J. (1982). Alienation and desire for job enrichment among correction officers. Fed. Probation, 46, 35.

Triplett, R., Mullings, J. L., & Scarborough, K. E. (1996). Work-related stress and coping among correctional officers: Implications from organizational literature. Journal of Criminal Justice, 24(4), 291-308.

Triplett, R., Mullings, J. L., & Scarborough, K. E. (1999). Examining the effect of work-home conflict on work-related stress among correctional officers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27(4), 371-385.

Tsirigotis, K., Gruszczyński, W., & Pęczkowski, S. (2015). Anxiety and styles of coping with occupational stress resulting from work with ‘dangerous’ prisoners in prison service officers. Acta neuropsychiatrica, 27(05), 297-306.

Van der Klink, J. J., Blonk, R. W., Schene, A. H., & Van Dijk, F. J. (2001). The benefits of interventions for work-related stress. American journal of public health, 91(2), 270-276.

Vatan, S. ve Piri Erbaş, S. (2019). Duygu dünyası. Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.

Sayıl, I. (2008). Krizle müdahale ve intiharı önleme. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi.

Bir infaz koruma memuru, mahkumlarca darbedildi (2015, 24 Aralık). Memurlar. Net. 5 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://www.memurlar.net/haber/554412/ adresinden erişildi.

Cezaevinde dehşet! Gardiyanları bu hale getirdi! (2019, 24 Eylül). Hürriyet. 5 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/cezaevinde-dehset-gardiyanlari-bu-hale-getirdi-41336698 adresinden erişildi.

F tipinde saldırı (2020, 16 Şubat). Hürriyet. 5 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/f-tipinde-gardiyana-saldiri-41448278/ adresinden erişildi.

Ceza ve Tevkifevleri Genel Müdürlüğü Kadro Durumu (2020, 6 Şubat). 5 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde http://www.cte.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/personel-durumu adresinden erişildi.

Mahkum, kalem açacağı bıçağıyla infaz koruma memurunu yaraladı (2014, 17 Temmuz). Haberler.com. 5 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde http://www.haberler.com/mahkum-kalem-acacagi-bicagiyla-infaz-koruma-6270401-haberi/ adresinden erişildi.