Çevrimiçi İltifatlar Aracılığı ile Kültür Etkileşimi

Son yıllarda, anlatımsal (expressive) bir söz edim olan iltifatlar birçok çalışmanınodak noktası olmuştur. Bu çalışmaların birçoğu iltifatların yapısal örüntüleri ve/veyakonularına odaklanmaktadır. Ancak, sosyal medya araçlarının yaygın kullanımı ve bumecralarda iltifat kullanımının artması, iltifat içeren iletişimlerdeki kültürel öğelerinincelenmesini ve (kendi) yüzlerinin ya da diğer konuşmacıların yüzlerinin, iltifatederek ya da yanıtlayarak, nasıl yeniden yapılandırıldığını incelemeyi zorunlukılmıştır; çünkü bu yeni iletişim şekli, bireylerarası iletişimde çizgilerin ortadankalktığı, sınırların bulanıklaştığı bir dünya yaratmaktadır. Kültürlerarası bu anlayış,kültürün çevrimiçi dilde nasıl var olduğunu anlamaya da yardımcı olacaktır. İltifatlar,çevrimiçi etkileşimde farklı dillerde önemli bir çalışma alanı oluşturmuşlardır. Ancak, bu çalışmalar hala sayıca oldukça yetersizdir. Bu tip çalışmaların azlığı, bu söz edimin kültürel yoğunluğunu azımsayan fazlaca genellenmiş yanlış yargılara sebepolmaktadır. Bu çalışma, toplam 100 katılımcıdan elde edilen 2000 iltifatlaoluşturulmuş iki dilli bir derlem kullanılarak, nicel ve nitel veri analizi yöntemleri ileiltifat kullanımlarındaki kültürel öğeleri inceleyip, bu kültürel öğelerin Türkçe ve Amerikan İngilizcesi olmak üzere iki farklı dilde nasıl yansıtıldığını tartışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

İltifatların işlevleri, iltifat kültür ilişkisi, sosyal medya dili

Communicating Culture through Online Compliments

Over the last decades, the expressive speech act of compliments has been the focus inquite a few studies. Most of these studies focused on the structural patterns and/orthe topics of compliments. However, the excessive use of social media tools and theincrease in the use of compliments in these settings made it necessary to dig into thecultural elements in compliment exchanges and analyse how the faces of self and theother are co-constructed paying the compliment and responding to it because thisnew mode of communication creates a setting where boundaries are vanished andborders are blurred in interpersonal communication. This cross culturalunderstanding can help understand how culture comes into being in online languageuse. Compliments in online interaction have become an important research area indifferent languages. However, the number of such studies is still quite very limited.This leads to overgeneralized misconceptions on compliments which undermine thecultural load of this speech act. This study, using a bilingual corpus made up of 200compliments collected from 100 participants, analyses the cultural elements incompliment exchanges and discuss how these cultural elements reflect themselves inTurkish and American English using quantitative and qualitative data analysis.

Keywords:

Functions of compliments, the relationship between compliments and culture, language on social media,

PDF

___

Adachi, Chie. “Fishing for Compliments ? The Organisation of Compliment Discourse among Young Japanese.” Proceedings of the Second Summer School of Sociolinguistics, The University of Edinburgh. 2010, pp. 14-20 Austin, John. L. How To Do Things With Words: The William James Lectures Delivered at Harvard University in 1955. Clarendon Press, 1965. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, and Hamo Michael. “Discourse Pragmatics.” Discourse Studies: a Multidisciplinary Introduction, edited by Teun A. van Dijk, Sage Publications, 2011, pp. 432-457. Boori, A. A. Semantic and Syntactic Patterning of Persian Compliments and Compliment Responses: A Sociolinguistic Study with Pedagogical Implications. University of Isfahan., 1994. Chen, Rong and Dafu Yang. “Responding to Compliments in Chinese: Has It Changed?” Journal of Pragmatics, vol. 42, no. 7, Elsevier B.V., 2010, pp. 195163, doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.006.
Chen,
Shu-hui Eileen. Compliment Response Strategies in Mandarin Chinese: Politeness Phenomenon Revisited 1, vol. 2, no. June, 2003, pp. 157-84. Daikuhara, Midori. “A Study of Compliments from a Cross-Cultural Perspective: Japanese vs. American English.” Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, no. 2, 1986, pp. 103-33. Dörnyei, Zoltán, and Tatsuya Taguchi. Questionnaires in Second Language Research: Construction, Administration, and Processing. 2nd ed. Routledge, 2010. Dörtkulak, Funda. Facebook Compliment Corpus (FBCC). Ankara, 2017. Goffman, Erving. Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction, edited by Allen Lane, Penguin Books, 1972. Golato, Andrea. “Studying Compliment Responses: A Comparison of DCTs and Recordings of Naturally Occurring Talk.” Applied Linguistics, vol. 24, no. 1, 2003, pp. 90-121+372, doi:10.1093/applin/24.1.90. Grice, Paul. “Logic and Conversation.” Syntax and Semantics, vol. 3, Speech Acts, edited by Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan. Academic Press 1975, pp. 41-58, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01229.x. Guo, Hong Jie, et al. “A Variationist Study of Compliment Responses in Chinese.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics, vol. 22, no. 3, 2012, pp. 347-73, doi:10.1111/j.1473-4192.2012.00315.x. Leech, Geoffrey. Principles of Pragmatics. Longman, 1983. Manes, Joan, and Nessa Wolfson. “The Compliment Formula.” Conversational Routine: Explorations in Standardized Communication Situations and Prepatterned Speech, edited by Florian Coulmas, Mouton, 1981, pp. 32-116. Matsuura, Hirooko. “A Cross-Cultural Study of Compliment Responses in American English and Japanese.” The Shogaku Ronshu, vol. 71, no. 1, 2002, pp. 53-66. ——. “Compliment-Giving Behavior in American English and Japanese Hiroko Matsuura.” JALT Journal, vol. 26, no. 2, 2004, pp. 147-70. Parisi, Christopher, and Peter Wogan. “Compliment Topics and Gender.” Women and Language, vol. 29, no. 2, 2009, pp. 21-29. Rees-Miller, Janie. “Compliments Revisited: Contemporary Compliments and Gender.” Journal of Pragmatics, vol. 43, no. 11, Elsevier B.V., 2011, pp. 267388, doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2011.04.014. Ruhi, Şükriye. “Complimenting Women in Turkish.” Us and Others, edited by Anna Duszak, 1st ed., John Benjamins, 2002, pp. 401-27. ——. “Politeness in Compliment Responses: A Perspective from Naturally Occurring Exchanges in Turkish.” Pragmatics, vol. 16, no. 1, 2006, pp. 43-101. Şakırgil, Can, and Hatice Çubukçu. “Formulas and Topics in Turkish and English Compliments.” Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 70, 2013, pp. 1126-35, doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.168. Searle, John R. “Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language.” East, vol. 0, Cambridge Universty Press, 1969. Sidraschi, Diego. “Pragmatics and Ethnolinguistics of Compliment.” Lingue e Linguaggi, vol. 11, 2014, p. 225. Wierzbicka, Anna. “Different Cultures and Different Modes of Interaction.” CrossCultural Pragmatics:The Semantics of Human Interaction. 2nd ed. Walter de Gruyter, 2003. Ye, Lei. “Complimenting in Mandarin Chinese.” Pragmatics of Chinese as Native and Target Language, edited by G. Kasper, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Centre, University of Hawai Press, 1995, pp. 207-302. Yu, Ming-Chung. “On the Universality of Face: Evidence from Chinese Compliment Response Behavior.” Journal of Pragmatics, vol. 35, no. 10-11, 2003, pp. 1679-710, doi:10.1016/S0378-2166(03)00074-2. Yule, George. Pragmatics. Oxford University Press, 1996.