Seyfettin ERDOĞAN, Ayfer GEDİKLİ, Mehmet Rıza DERİNDAĞ

İran Bankacılık Sistemi Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri

İran, Sudan ile birlikte bankacılık sistemi tamamen İslami prensiplere dayanan dünyadaki iki ülkeden birisidir. Ülkede uygulanmakta olan İslami bankacılık sistemi konusunda çok farklı eleştiriler yapılsa da İran, küresel ölçekte en yüksek İslami finansal varlıklara sahip ülkelerden birisi durumundadır. Esasen İran bankacılık sistemi, sadece bankacılık hizmetleri vermekle kalmayıp, İran toplumunun İran Devrimi sonrası dönemde yeniden yapılandırılması için kullanılan önemli bir kilometre taşıdır. İran Devrimi ile birlikte birçok alanda olduğu gibi bankacılık alanında da yapısal dönüşüm süreci başlamıştır. Bankacılık sektörünün yeni döneme adapte edilmesi için finansal sistem, tedricen ülkenin İslam anlayışına uygun hale getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çerçevede sistemin millileştirilmesi yönündeki girişimler yasal düzenlemeler ile desteklenmiştir. İlerleyen dönemlerde sosyal ve ekonomik hedeflere ulaşmak için geliştirilen stratejilerin hayata geçirilmesinde bankalara önemli sorumluluklar yüklenmiştir. Bankacılık sektörüne iktisadi faaliyetleri destekleyerek iktisadi gelişme hedeflerine katkı sağlama işlevinin yanısıra, gelir dağılımında dengenin sağlanması stratejilerine paralel işlevler de yüklenmiştir. İran’da bankacılık sektörünün sahip olduğu kaynakların bir bölümü belirli bir gelir seviyesinin altında kalan bireylerin desteklenmesi amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Devrimden günümüze ülkede bankacılık sisteminin kullandığı araçlar ve uyguladığı politikalar ile İran İslam devletin tamamlayıcı bir parçası olması hedeflenmiştir. Son yıllarda bankacılık sistemi ekonominin yeniden yapılandırılması sürecinde temel bir araç olarak kullanılmış, petrol fiyatlarındaki düşük seyrin devam etmesi ve politik nedenlerle dış kaynakların kesilmesi sonucu bankacılık kesimine daha fazla rol verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

İran, İslami Bankacılık, İslami Finans

An Investigation of Iran’s Banking System: Challenges and Remedies

Iran is one of the two countries that have full-fledged Islamic banking in their banking systems. Although there are many criticisms about the operation of the Islamic system in Iran, this country has the greatest proportion of Islamic banking assets in the global Islamic financial system. Islamic banking in Iran, as one of the milestones of the reorganization of Iranian society after the Iranian Revolution, continues its operation by the contracts which take their roots from the economic and social factors. The banking system in Iran contains commercial state banks, specialized state banks, qard al-hassan banks, and private banks. In addition to contributing to economic development by supporting economic activities, the banking system also supports the strategies of income distribution equality. Some portion of the banking sources in Iran is used to support individuals who are below adequate income level. In this study, the performance of the Islamic banking system in Iran will be analyzed. The study consists of three parts. In the first part, the historical development of Islamic finance and Islamic banking and in the second part, the current situation of the Iranian banking sector will be discussed. In the last part, challenges related to the local economic problems as well as the sanctions initiated by the US, other countries, and organizations will be explained. Besides, some policy recommendations to improve the performance of Islamic banking in Iran will be put forth.

Keywords:

Iran, Islamic Banking, Islamic finance,

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