Seda ÖZER ŞANAL, Arif AKÇAY, Meral ÇİÇEK TUTULMAZ, Mukaddes ERDEM

Öğrenme Kuramlarının Çevrimiçi Öğretim Ortamlarında ve Materyallerinde Uygulanması: Bir Ölçütler Takımı Geliştirme Çalışması

Bu çalışma, çevrimiçi öğretim ortamlarının ve materyallerinin öğrenme kuramları perspektifinden incelenmesini ya da oluşturulmasını olanaklı kılacak, üzerinde uzlaşılmış bir ölçütler takımı oluşturmak üzere gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bir öğretim tasarım sürecinin, planlanmasından uygulanıp geliştirilmesine kadar geçen tüm aşamalarında öğrenme kuramlarının rehberliğine gereksinim olduğu anlayışıyla gerçekleştirilen çalışmada; öncelikle davranışçı, bilişsel ve yapılandırmacı öğrenme kuramlarının öğrenmeye ilişkin açıklamaları incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, bu açıklamaların öğretim ortam ya da materyallerinde nasıl karşılık bulacağı, öğretimsel uygulamalar türünden belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda gözden geçirilen bu ilk ifadeler, 5’li likert tipinde bir ölçek formunda düzenlenmiştir. Ölçek yeniden uzman görüşüne sunulmuş ve alınan görüşler doğrultusunda düzenlenmiştir. 70 maddeden oluşan yeni form kullanılarak; EBA(Eğitim Bilişim Ağı)’dan herkese açık 6 farklı öğretim materyali incelenmiştir. 3 değerlendirici tarafından gerçekleştirilen inceleme 4 araştırmacının da katılımıyla gözden geçirilmiş ve 10 madde ölçekten çıkarılmıştır. 60 maddelik ölçek üzerinden değerlendiriciler arası uyum düzeyleri hesaplanmıştır. Kabul edilebilir uyum düzeyleri belirlenen 60 maddelik ölçek, 26 kişilik bir uzman grubun görüşüne sunularak kapsam geçerlik indeksleri hesaplanmıştır. Ölçeğin alt boyutlarına göre kapsam geçerlik indeksleri; kurama uygunluk açısından davranışçılıkta 0.78 (p<.05), bilişsel anlayışta 0.87 (p<.05) ve yapılandırmacılıkta 0.85 (p<.05)’tir. Bu son inceleme ile 60 maddelik bir ölçütler takımına erişilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

öğrenme kuramı, çevrimiçi öğrenme ortamı, ölçek geliştirme

Application of Learning Theories in Online Instructional Environments and Materials: A Study for Developing a Set of Criteria

The aim of this study was to develop a set of agreed criteria for the examination or formation of online instructional environments and materials from the viewpoint of learning theories. Based on the understanding that the guidance of learning theories is needed in all stages of an instructional design process from planning to implementation, this study first examined the behaviourist, cognitive, and constructivist learning theories about learning. Instructional practice examples were then examined to determine statements showing how these explanations reflect on the instructional environments or materials. The first statements revised in line with the expert opinions were turned into a 5-point Likert type scale. The opinions of the experts were received on the scale and the necessary revisions were made. Using the 70-item scale, six different open access instructional materials from the Educational Informatics Network (EBA) were examined. The examination was carried out by three reviewers and revised with the participation of four researchers. Ten items were excluded from the scale. The levels of conformity among the reviewers were calculated for the 60-item scale. Content validity indices were calculated based on the opinions of 26 experts for the final scale, for which the acceptable levels of conformity were determined. Content validity indices of the sub-dimensions of the scale were 0.78 (p<.05), 0.87 (p<.05), and 0.85 (p<.05) in behaviourism, cognitive understanding, and constructivism, respectively, in terms of compliance with theory. At the end of the final review, a set of criteria consisting of 60 items was developed.

Keywords:

Learning theory, online learning environment, scale develoment,

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