Etnisite ve Milliyetçilik: Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirme

Etnisite ve milliyetçilik, genellikle, özgülcülük ve adcılığın içiçe geçtiği iki aidiyet meselesi olarak değerlendirilir. Milliyetçilik ve etnisite ilişkisi, aynı zamanda, kimliğin evrenselliği ile temele dayalı işleyişine dair eleştirel bir yorum çerçevesi olarak da görülür. Klasik etnisite ve milliyetçilik okumaları, yurttaşlığa dayalı siyasal aidiyetin evrensel vasfını temellendirmeye girişirken, etnisite ve milliyetçilik ilişkisini özcü bir aidiyet modeli üzerinden tarif ederler. Bu çalışma, neredeyse her daim Janus yüzlü Kartezyen ikileştirme mantığına konu edilen milliyetçilik ve etnisite ilişkisinin eleştirel bir değerlendirmesini sunmaktadır. Çalışma, ilk önce, etnisite ve milliyetçilik ilişkisinin aidiyet çerçevesini değerlendirmektedir. İkinci olarak, çalışma, siyaset teorisindeki güncel tartışmalardan hareketle, etnisite ve milliyetçilik ilişkisinin dönüşen bağlamı üzerinde durmaktadır.

Ethnicity and Nationalism: A Critical Interpretation

Ethnicity and nationalism have generally been interpreted as translucent questions of belonging through which particularism and nominalism are fused. The relation between nationalism and ethnicity has also been regarded as a critical continuum of interpretation regarding the universality of identity and its foundational dispositions. While aiming at providing a foundation for the universal character of civic political belonging, classical studies define the relation between ethnicity and nationalism by referencing to an essentialist modality of belonging. This essay introduces a critical reading of the relation between ethnicity and nationalism, which has almost always been subjected to a Cartesian logic of Janus-faced dualisms. This study, first, interprets the context of belonging as regard to the relation between ethnicity and nationalism. Second, by going through contemporary debates in political theory, the essay focuses on the transforming context of the relation between ethnicity and nationalism.

___

  • Alter, Peter (1994), Nationalism (London: Edward Arnold).
  • Anderson, Benedict (1991), Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso).
  • Anderson, Benedict (1998), The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia, and the World (London: Verso).
  • Anderson, Benedict (2001), “Western Nationalism and Eastern Nationalism: Is there a Difference that Matters?” New Left Review, 9: 31-42.
  • Anderson, Benedict (2005), Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-colonial Imagination (London: Verso).
  • Anthias, Floya (1992), Ethnicity, Class, Gender and Migration: Greek Cypriots in Britain (Aldershot: Avebury).
  • Anthias, Floya (1998), “Evaluating Diaspora: Beyond Ethnicity?” Sociology, 32(3): 557-580.
  • Anthias, Floya and Nira Yuval-Davis (1992), Racialized Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (New York: Routledge).
  • Armstrong, John A. (1982), Nations Before Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).
  • Armstrong, John A. (2004), “Definitions, Periodization, and Prospects for the Longue Durée,” Nations and Nationalism, 10(1/2): 9-18.
  • Balakrishnan, Gopal (1995), “The national imagination,” New Left Review, 211: 56-69.
  • Balibar, Etienne (1996), “The Nation Form: History and Ideology,” Eley Geoff ve Suny, Ronald G. (eds.), Becoming National: A Reader (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 132-149.
  • Banton, Michael P. (1983), Racial and Ethnic Competition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Banton, Michael (2007), “Max Weber on ‘Ethnic Communities’: A Critique,” Nations and Nationalism, 13 (1): 19-35.
  • Barth, Fredrik. (ed.) (1998); Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press).
  • Bell, David A. (2003), The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
  • Bennington, Geoffrey (1990), “Postal Politics and the Institution of the Nation,” Homi K. Bhabha (ed.) Nation and Narration, (New York: Routledge): 121-37
  • Berlant, Lauren ve Freeman, Elizabeth (1992), “Queer Nationality,” Boundary 2, Spring: 149-180.
  • Bhabha, Homi K. (1984), “Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse,” October, 28: 125-133.
  • Bhabha, Homi K. (1992), “The World and the Home,” Social Text, 31/32: 141–153.
  • Bhabha, Homi K. (2004a), “Introduction: Narrating the Nation,” Homi K. Bhabha (ed.), Nation and Narration (London: Routledge): 1-7.
  • Bhabha, Homi K. (2004b), “DissemiNation: Time, Narrative and the Margins of the Modern Nation,” Homi K. Bhabha (ed.), Nation and Narration (London: Routledge): 291-322.
  • Bhabha, Homi K. (2007), The Location of Culture (London: Routledge).
  • Billig, Michael (1988), Ideological Dilemmas: A Social Psychology of Everyday Understanding (London: Sage).
  • Billig, Michael (1999), Freudian Repression: Conversation Creating the Unconscious (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Billig, Michael (2002), Banal Nationalism, London: Sage.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (1989), “Social Space and Symbolic Power,” Sociological Theory, 7(1): 14-25.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (1991), Language and Symbolic Power (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
  • Brass, Paul (1985), Ethnic Groups and the State (London: Croom Helm).
  • Brass, Paul (1991), Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison (Newbury Park: Sage).
  • Breuilly, John (1993), Nationalism and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
  • Breuilly, John (1996), “Reflections on Nationalism,” Stuart Woolf (ed.), Nationalism in Europe 1815 to Present: A Reader, (London: Routledge): 137-154.
  • Breuilly, John (2005), “Dating the nation: How old is an old nation?” Ichijo, Atsuko ve Uzelac, Gordana (eds.), When is the Nation? Towards an Understanding of Theories of Nationalism (London: Routledge): 15-39.
  • Brubaker, Rogers (1992), Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
  • Brubaker, Rogers (1998), “Myths and Misconceptions in the Study of Nationalism,” Moore, Margaret (ed.), National Self-determination and Secession (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 233-265.
  • Brubaker, Rogers (2006), Ethnicity without Groups (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Brubaker, Rogers (2007), Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Butler, Judith ve Spivak, Gayatri C. (2007), Who Signs the Nation-state? Language, Politics, Belonging (Calcutta: Seagull).
  • Calhoun, Craig (1993), “Nationalism and Ethnicity,” Annual Review of Sociology, 19: 211-239.
  • Calhoun, Craig (1997), Nationalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press).
  • Canovan, Margaret (1998), Nationhood and Political Theory (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar).
  • Chatterjee, Partha (1993), The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
  • Chatterjee, Partha (2004), Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press).
  • Cheah, Pheng (2003), Spectral Nationality: Passages of Freedom from Kant to Postcolonial Literatures of Liberation (New York: Columbia University Press).
  • Cohen, Abner (1969), Custom and Politics in Urban Africa: A Study of Hausa Migrants in Yoruba Towns (Berkeley: University of California Press).
  • Cohen, Anthony P. (1996), “Personal Nationalism: A Scottish View of Some Rites, Rights, and Wrongs,” American Ethnologist, 23(4): 802-815.
  • Cohen, Robin (1999), “The Making of Ethnicity: A Modest Defence of Primordialism,” Mortimer, Edward ve Fine, Robert (ed.) People, Nation and State: The Meaning of Ethnicity and Nationalism (New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers): 3-11. 211 Connor, Walker (1994), Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (New Jersey: Princeton University Press).
  • Day, Graham ve Thompson, Andrew (2004), Theorizing Nationalism (New York: Palgrave MacMillan).
  • De Vos, George A. (1995), “Ethnic Pluralism and Accommodation,” De Vos, George A ve Romannucci-Ross, Lola (eds.) Ethnic Identity: Creation and Accommodation (Walnut Creek: Altamira Press): 15-47.
  • Derrida, Jacques (1992a), “Onto-Theology of National Humanism (Prolegomena to a Hypothesis),” Oxford Literary Review. 14( ü1–2): 3–23.
  • Derrida, Jacques (1992b), The Other Heading: Reflections on Today’s Europe (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).
  • Derrida, Jacques (2008a), “Heidegger’s Hand (Geschlecht II),” Psyche: Inventions of the Other, C. II, (Stanford: Stanford University Press): 27-62.
  • Derrida, Jaques (2008b), “Interpretations at War: Kant, the Jew, the German,” Psyche: Inventions of the Other, C. II., (Stanford: Stanford University Press): 241-298
  • Deutsch, Karl W. (1966), Nationalism and Social Communication. An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality (London: Chapman ve Hall).
  • Duara, Prasenjit (1996), “Historicizing National Identity, or Who Imagines What and When,” Eley Geoff ve Suny, Ronald G. (eds.), Becoming National: A Reader (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 151-177.
  • Duara, Prasenjit (2004), “The Decolonization of Asia and Africa in the Twentieth Century,” Duara, Prasenjit (ed.), Decolonization: Perspectives from Now and Then, (London: Routledge): 1-18
  • Enloe, Cynthia (1989) Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press).
  • Epstein, Arnold L. (1978), Ethos and Identity: Three Studies in Ethnicity (London: Tavistock).
  • Eriksen, Thomas Hylland (2002), Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives (London: Pluto Press).
  • Fanon, Frantz (2004), The Wretched of the World (New York: Grove Press).
  • Fishman, Joshua (1996a), “Ethnicity as Being, Doing, and Knowing,” Hutchinson, John ve Smith, Anthony D. (eds.), Ethnicity (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 63-69.
  • Fishman, Joshua (1996b), “Language and Nationalism,” Woolf Stuart (ed.), Nationalism in Europe 1815 to Present: A Reader, (London: Routledge):155-170
  • Geertz, Clifford (1963), “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civic Politics in the New States”, Geertz, Clifford (ed.), Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa (Glencoe: The Free Press): 105-157.
  • Gellner, Ernest (1964), Thought and Change (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson).
  • Gellner, Ernest (1981), “Nationalism,” Theory and Society, 10(6): 753-776.
  • Gellner, Ernest (1983), Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).
  • Greenfeld, Liah (1995), Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
  • Greenfeld, Liah (2006), Nationalism and the Mind: Essays on Modern Culture (Oxford: Oneworld).
  • Grosby, Steven (2005), “The Primordial, Kinship and Nationality,” Ichijo, Atsuko ve Uzelac, Gordana (eds.), When is the Nation? Towards an Understanding of Theories of Nationalism (London: Routledge): 56-78).
  • Grosby, Steven (2007), “The Successor Territory,” Leoussi, Athena S. ve Crosby, Steven E. (eds.), Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations, (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press): 99-112.
  • Grosby, Steven (1995), “Territoriality: The Transcendental, Primordial Feature of Modern Societies,” Nations and Nationalism, 1(2): 143–62.
  • Guibernau, Montserrat (1996a), Nationalism: The Nation-state and Nationalism in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Polity Press).
  • Guibernau, Montserrat (1999b), Nations without States: Political Communities in a Global Age (Cambridge: Polity Press).
  • Hastings, Adrian (1997), The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Hayes, Carlton J. H. (1948), The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism (New York: Macmillan).
  • Hechter, Michael (1986), “A Rational Choice Approach to Race and Ethnic Relations,” Mason, David ve Rex, John (eds.), Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 268-277.
  • Hechter, Michael (1987), Principles of Group Solidarity (California: University of California Press).
  • Hechter, Michael (1996), “Ethnicity and Rational Choice Theory”, Hutchinson, John ve Smith, Anthony D. (eds.); Ethnicity (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 90-98.
  • Hechter, Michael (1999), The Celtic Fringe in British National Development: Internal Colonialism (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers).
  • Hechter, Michael (2000), Containing Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Hewitson, Mark (2006), “Conclusion: Nationalism and the Nineteenth Century,” Baycroft, Timothy ve Hewitson, Mark (eds.), What is a nation? Europe 1789-1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 312-355.
  • Hirschi, Caspar (2012), The Origins of Nationalism: An Alternative History from Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Hobsbawm, Eric ve Ranger, Terence (eds.) (1983), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
  • Hobsbawm, Eric (1990), Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Horowitz, Donald (2001), The Deadly Ethnic Riot (Berkeley: University of California Press).
  • Horowitz, Donald L. (2000), Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press).
  • Horowitz, Donald L. (2004), “The Primordialists,” Conversi, Daniele (ed.) Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World: Walker Connor and the Study of Nationalism, (London: Routledge): 72-8
  • Hroch, Miroslav (1993), “From National Movement to the Fully-formed Nation: The Nation-building Process in Europe,” New Left Review, 198: 3-20.
  • Hroch, Miroslav (1998), “Real and Constructed: The Nature of the Nation”, Hall, Stuart, A. (ed.), The State of the Nation: Ernest Gellner and the Theory of Nationalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 91-106.
  • Hroch, Miroslav (1985), Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of the Social Composition of Patriotic Groups among the Smaller European Nations (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
  • Hutchinson, John (2005a), Nations as Zones of Conflict (London: Sage).
  • Hutchinson, John (2005b), “Nations and Culture,” Guibernau, Montserrat ve Hutchinson, John (eds.), Understanding Nationalism, Cambridge: Polity Press: 74-96.
  • Hutchinson, John ve Smith, Anthony D. (ed.) (1996), Ethnicity (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Jenkins, Richard (1997), Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations (London: Sage).
  • Jenson, Jane (1993), “Naming Nations: Making Nationalist Claims in Canadian Public,” The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, August, 30(3): 337-358.
  • Kandiyoti, Deniz (1991), “Identity and its Discontents: Women and the Nation,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 20(3): 429-443.
  • Kedourie, Elie (1993), Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell).
  • Kohn, Hans (1982), Nationalism: Its Meaning and History (Malabar: Krieger Publishing).
  • Kohn, Hans (2005), The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in its Origin and Background (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers).
  • Kristeva, Julia (1981), “Women’s Time,” Signs, 7(1): 13-35.
  • Kristeva, Julia (1982), “Psychoanalysis and the Polis,” Critical Inquiry, 9(1): 77-92.
  • Kristeva, Julia (1993), Nations without Nationalism (New York: Columbia University Press).
  • Kymlicka, Will (1998), Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press).
  • Kymlicka, Will (2001), Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Kymlicka, Will (2005), “Federalism and Secession,” Máiz, Ramón ve Requejo, Ferran (eds.), Democracy, Nationalism and Multiculturalism (London: Frank Cass: 108-126.
  • Lacan, Jacques (1988), The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book II: The Ego in Freud’s Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis, 1954-1955 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Lawrence, Paul (2005), Nationalism: History and Theory (Harlow: Pearson, Longman).
  • Llobera, Josep R. (1996), The God of Modernity: The Development of Nationalism in Western Europe (Oxford: Berg).
  • Llobera, Josep R. (2005), Foundations of National Identity: From Catalonia to Europe (New York: Berghahn).
  • Lotfalian, Mazyar (1996), “Working Through Psychological Understandings of the Diasporic Condition,” Ethos, 24(1): 36-70.
  • Mann, Michael (1992), “The Emergence of Modern European Nationalism,” Hall, John, A. and Jarvie, I.C. (eds.): Transition to Modernity: Essays on Power, Wealth and Belief (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press): 137-165.
  • McClintock, Anne (1993), “Family feuds: gender, nationalism and the family,” Feminist Review, 44: 61-80.
  • McClintock, Anne (1995), Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York: New York).
  • Meinecke, Friedrich (1911), Weltbu ̈ rgertum und Nationalstaat: Studien zur Genesis des Deutschen Nationalstaates (München: R. Oldenbourg).
  • Miller, David (1999), On Nationality (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
  • Miller, David (2000), Citizenship and National Identity (Cambridge: Polity Press).
  • Miller, David (2007), National Responsibility and Global Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Mohanty, Chandra T. (1991), “Introduction: Cartographies of Struggle: Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism,” Mohanty, Chandra T. vd. (eds), Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press): 1-48.
  • Moore, Margaret (2001b), “Normative Justifications for Liberal Nationalism: Justice, Democracy and National Identity,” Nations and Nationalism, 7(1): 1-20.
  • Moore, Margaret (2001a), The Ethics of Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press).
  • Nairn, Tom (1968), “The Three Dreams of Scottish Nationalism”, New Left Review, 49: 3-18.
  • Nairn, Tom (1997), Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London: Verso).
  • Nairn, Tom (2003), The Break-up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-nationalism (Edinburgh: Common Ground).
  • Nielsen, Kai (1998), “Liberal Nationalism and Secession” Moore, Margaret (ed.), National Self Determination and Secession (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 103-133.
  • Özkırımlı, Umut (2000), Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (New York: Palgrave).
  • Pask, Kevin (2001), “Late Nationalism: The Case of Quebec,” New Left Review, 11: 35-54.
  • Phinney, Jean S. (2000), “Ethnic Identity,” Kazdin, Alan, E. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Psychology, C. 3, (New York: Oxford University Press): 254-259.
  • Rankin, L Pauline, (2000), “Sexualities and National Identities: Re-imagining Queer Nationalism,” Journal of Canadian Studies, Summer, 35(2): 176-196.
  • Renan, Ernest (1996), “What is a Nation?” Eley, Geoff ve Suny, Ronald G. (eds.), Becoming National: A Reader (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 42-55.
  • Schnapper, Dominique (1998a), Community of Citizens: On the Modern Idea of Nationality (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers).
  • Schnapper, Dominique (1998b), “Beyond the Opposition: Civic Nation versus Ethnic Nation”, Seymour, M., Couture, J. ve Nielsen, K. (eds.), Rethinking Nationalism, (Calgary: University of Calgary Press): 219-234.
  • Sedgwick, Eve K. (1992), “Nationalisms and Sexualities in the Age of Wilde,” Parker, Andrew vd. (eds.), Nationalisms and Sexualities (New York: Routledge): 235-245.
  • Sharp, Joanne P. (1996), “Gendering Nationhood: A Seminist Engagement with National Identity,” Duncan, Nancy (ed.) Bodyspace: Destabilizing Geographies of Gender and Sexuality (New York: Routledge): 97-108.
  • Shils, Edward (1957), “Primordial, Personal, Sacred and Civil Ties: Some Particular Observations on the Relationships of Sociological Research and Theory”, The British Journal of Sociology, 8(2): 130-145
  • Simpson, Andrew (2007), “Language and National Identity in Asia: A Thematic Introduction,” Simpson, Andrew (ed.), Language and National Identity in Asia (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 1-31.
  • Smith, Anthony D. (1972), Theories of Nationalism (New York: Harper Torchbooks).
  • Smith, Anthony D. (1981), The Ethnic Revival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Smith, Anthony D. (1998), Nationalism and Modernism (London, Routledge).
  • Smith, Anthony D. (1991), National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press).
  • Smith, Anthony D. (1986), The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Blackwell).
  • Smith, Anthony D. (1999), Myths and Memories of the Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Smith, Anthony D. (2000), The Nation in History (Cambridge: Polity Press).
  • Smith, Anthony D. (2003), Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Smith, Anthony D. (2004), “Dating the Nation,” Conversi, Daniele (ed.), Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World, (London: Routledge).
  • Snyder, Jack (2000), From Voting to Violence: Democratisation and Nationalist Conflict (New York: W.W. Norton & Company).
  • Sollors, Werner (1996), Theories of Ethnicity: A Classical Reader (New York: New York University Press).
  • Stychin, Carl F. (1997), “Queer Nations: Nationalism, Sexuality and the Discours ewof Rights in Quebec,” Feminist Legal Studies, 5(1): 3-34.
  • Suny, Ronald G. (2001), “Constructing Primordialism: Old Histories for New Nations,” The Journal of Modern History, 73(4): 862-896.
  • Tajfel, Henri (1982), Social Identity and Intergroup Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Tamir, Yael (1993), Liberal Nationalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
  • Taylor, Charles (1997), “Nationalism and Modernity,” McKim, Robert ve McMahan, Jeff (eds.), The Morality of Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press): 31-55.
  • Van den Berghe, Pierre (1979), The Ethnic Phenomenon (New York: Elsevier).
  • Walby, Syivia (1992), “Woman and Nation”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 33(12): 81-100.
  • Walker, Brian (1996), “Social Movements as Nationalisms, On the Very Idea of a Queer Nation,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary Volume 22: 505-547.
  • Weber, Max (1996), “The Origins of Ethnic Groups,” Hutchinson, John ve Smith, Anthony D. (eds.); Ethnicity (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 35-40.
  • Young, Iris M. (1990), Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press). Yuval-Davis, Nira (1997), Gender and Nation (London: Sage Publications).
  • Yuval-Davis, Nira (2011), The Politics of Belonging: Intersectional Contestations (London: Sage).