Değer Hisse Senetleri ve Büyüme Hisse Senetlerinin Tahakkuk Uygulamaları Açısından Farklılıkları

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Değer ve Büyüme hisse senetleri olarak adlandırılan iki büyük yatırım kategorisinin kâr yönetimi pratiklerinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilen analizler için, 1999-2007 döneminde İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası (İMKB)’na kayıtlı firmalara ait 807 firma yılı gözlem kullanılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda, Değer firmalarının Büyüme firmalarına kıyasla kârlarını daha fazla yönettikleri görülmüştür. Bulunan sonuçlar doğrultusunda İMKB’ye kayıtlı De�- ğer ve Büyüme firmalarıyla ilgili kararlar alırken kâr yönetimi uygulamalarının dikkate alınması gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu doğrultuda analiz sonuçlarının, yatırımcılara, finansal tablo kullanıcılarına, düzenleyici kurumlara ve ilgililere, Değer ve Büyüme firmalarının performansları, risklilik durumları ve kâr yönetimi yapıp yapmadıkları hakkında bazı önemli ipuçları sağlayarak, karar süreçlerinde ve çalışmalarında katkı sağlayacağı ifade edilebilir.

The Differences Between Value Stocks and Growth Stocks’ Accruals Applications

The aim of this study is to determine earnings management practices of two big investment categories which named value and growth stocks. For this purpose, 807 firm-years data of firms which listed in Borsa Istanbul (İMKB) during 1999-2007 were analyzed. The analysis showed that value firms manage earnings more than growth firms. According to the results of the study, investors should consider earning management practices when making decisions about growth and value stocks which are listed in İMKB. Therefore it can be stated that the analy�- sis results can support the investors, users of financial tables, regulatory authorities, and other related parties in their decision processes and studies by providing important pointers and clues about the performances, risk levels and use of earning management of value and growth firms.

___

  • Ahmed, P. ve Nanda, S. (2000). Style investing: Incor- porating growth characteristics in value stocks. Working Paper. Erişim: 17 Şubat 2009, SSRN Working Paper Series: http://ssrn.com/abstract=243524
  • Arshanapalli, B., Coggin, T. D. ve Doukas, J. (1998). Multifactor asset pricing analysis of international value investment strategies. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 24, 10-23.
  • Athanassakos, G. (2009). Value versus Growth stock returns and the value premium: The Canadian experience 1985–2005. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 26, 109-121.
  • Badertscher, B. (2011). Overvaluation and the choice of alternative earnings management mechanisms. The Accounting Review, 86(5), 1491-1518.
  • Bartov, E., Givoly, D. ve Hayn, C. (2002). The rewards to meeting or beating earnings expectations. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33, 173-204.
  • Basu, S. (1977). Investment performance of common stocks in relation to their price-earnings ratios: A test of the efficient market hypothesis. The Journal of Finance, 32(3), 663-682.
  • Bauman, W. S. ve Miller, R. E. (1997). Investor expec- tations and the performance of value stocks versus growth stocks. The Journal of Portfolio Management, Spring, 23(3), 57-68.
  • Bauman, W. S., Conover, C. M. ve Miller, R. E. (1998). Growth vs Value and Large cap vs Small cap stocks in international markets. Financial Analysts Journal, 54(2), 75-89.
  • Beatty, A. L., Ke, B. ve Petroni, K. R. (2002). Earnings management to avoid earnings declines across publicly and privately held banks. The Accounting Review, 77(3), 547-570.
  • Beneda, N. (2002). Growth stocks outperform value stocks over the long term. Journal of Asset Management, 3(2), 112-123.
  • Beneish, M. D. (1997). Detecting GAAP violation: Implications for assessing earnings management among firms with extreme financial performance. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 16(3), 271- 309.
  • Beneish, M. D. (1999). Incentives and penalties related to earnings overstatements that violate GAAP. The Accounting Review, 74(4), 425-457.
  • Blume, M. E. (1980). Stock returns and dividend yields: Some more evidence. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 62(4), 567-577.
  • Brav, A., Geczy, C. ve Gompers, P. A. (2000). Is the abnormal return following equity issuances anoma- lous?. Journal of Financial Economics, 56, 209-249.
  • Burgstahler, D. ve Dichev, I. (1997). Earnings management to avoid earnings decreases and losses. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 24, 99-126.
  • Canbaş, S., Kandır, S. Y. ve Erişmiş, A. (2007). Hisse Senedi Verimini Etkileyen Bazı Şirket Özelliklerinin İMKB Şirketlerinde Test Edilmesi. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 44(512), 15-27.
  • Capkun, V., Cazavan-Jeny, A., Jeanjean, T. ve Weiss, L. A. (2008). Earnings management and value relevance during the mandatory transition from local GAAPs to IFRS in Europe. Working Paper.
  • Erişim: 09 Şubat 2010, SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abs- tract=1125716
  • Chahine, S. (2008). Value versus growth stocks and earnings growth in style investing strategies in Euro-Markets. Journal of Asset Management, 9(5), 347–358.
  • Chan, K., Jegadeesh, N. ve Sougiannis, T. (2004). The accrual effect on future earnings. Review of Quanti- tative Finance and Accounting, 22(2), 97-121.
  • Chan, L. K. C. ve Lakonishok, J. (2004). Value and Growth investing: Review and update. Financial Analysts Journal, 60(1), 71-86.
  • Charitou, A., Lambertides, N. ve L. Trigeorgis (2011). Distress Risk, Growth and Earnings Quality. Aba- cus, 47(2), 158-181.
  • Chen, K. Y., Elder, R. J. ve Hung, S. (2008). The invest- ment opportunity set and earnings management: Evidence from the role of controlling shareholders. Working Paper. Erişim: 02 Mart 2010, http://papers. ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id=1266431
  • Collins, D. W. ve Hribar, P. (2000). Earnings-based and accrual-based market anomalies: One effect or two?. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 29, 101-123.
  • Damodaran, A. (2002). Investment valuation: Tools and techniques for determining the value of any asset (2. gözden geçirilmiş bs.), New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Deangelo, L. E. (1986). Accounting numbers as market valuation substitutes: A study of management buyouts of public stockholders. The Accounting Review, 61(3), 400-420.
  • Debondt, W. F. M. ve Thaler, R. H. (1987). Further evidence on investor overreaction and stock market seasonality. Journal of Finance, 42(3), 557-581.
  • Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G. ve Sweeney, A. P. (1995). Detecting earnings management. The Accounting Review, 70(2), 193-225.
  • Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G. ve Sweeney, A. P. (1996). Causes and consequences of earnings manipulations: An analys of firms subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary Accounting Research, 13(1), 1-36.
  • Dechow, P. M., Kothari, S. P. ve Watts, R. L. (1998). The relation between earnings and cash flows. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 25, 133-168.
  • Dechow, P. M. ve Skinner, D. J. (2000). Earnings management: Reconciling the views of accounting academics, practitioners, and regulators. Accounting Horizons, 14(2), 235-250.
  • Defond, M. L. ve Jiambalvo, J. (1994). Debt covenant effects and the manipulation of accrual. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 17, 145-176.
  • Defond, M. L. ve Park, C. W. (2001). The reversal of abnormal accruals and the market valuation of earnings surprises. The Accounting Review, 76(3), 375-404.
  • Degeorge, F., Patel, J. ve Zeckhauser, R. (1999). Earnings management to exceed thresholds. Journal of Business, 72(1), 1-34.
  • Desai, H., Rajgopal, S. ve Venkatachalam, M. (2004). Value-Glamour and accruals mispricing: One anomaly or two?. The Accounting Review, 79(2), 355- 385.
  • Diamond, D. W. ve Verrecchia, R. E. (1991). Disclosure, liquidity, and the cost of capital. The Journal of Finance, 46(4), 1325-1359. Domash, H. (2006). Fire your stock analyst: Analyzing
  • stocks on your own. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Financial Times Prentice-Hall Inc. Dye, R. A. (1988). Earnings management in an overlapping generations model. Journal of Accounting Research, 26(2), 195-235.
  • Erickson, M. ve Wang, S. (1999). Earnings management by acquiring firms in stock for stock mergers. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 27, 149-176.
  • Faerber, E. (2008). All about stocks: The easy way to get started (3. bs.) [Elektronik Sürüm]. USA: McGraw- Hill.
  • Fama, E. F. ve French, K. R. (1992). The cross-section of expected stock returns. The Journal of Finance, 47(2), 427-465.
  • Gaver, J. J. ve Gaver, K. M. (1995). Compensation policy and the investment opportunity set. Financial Management, 24(1), 19-32.
  • Gonenc, H. ve Karan, M. B. (2003). Do value stocks earn higher returns than growth stocks in an emerging market? Evidence from Istanbul Stock Exchange. Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 14(1), 1-25.
  • Griffin, J. M. ve Lemmon, M. L. (2002). Book-to- market equity, distress risk, and stock returns. The Journal of Finance, 57(5), 2317-2336.
  • Guay, W. R., Kothari, S. P. ve Watts, R. L.. (1996). A market – based evaluation of discretionary accrual models. Journal of Accounting Research, 34(Supplement), 83-105.
  • Gulen, H., Xing, Y. ve Zhang, L. (2008). Value versus Growth: Time varying expected stock returns. University of Michigan Ross School of Business Working Paper (No: 1115). Erişim: 22 Mart 2010, http:// ssrn.com/abstract=1270976
  • Healy, P. M. (1985). The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decisions. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 7, 85-107.
  • Healy, P. M. ve Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons, 13(4), 365-383.
  • Houmes, E.R., ve Skantz, T.R. (2010). Highly valued equity and discretionary accruals. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 37(1), 60-92.
  • Hribar, P. ve Collins, D. W. (2002). Errors in estimating accruals: Implications for empirical research. Journal of Accounting Research, 40(1), 105-134.
  • Hribar, P. ve Nichols, D. C. (2007). The use of unsigned earnings quality measures in tests of earnings management. Journal of Accounting Research, 45(5), 1017-1053.
  • İç, S. (2009). Muhasebe Verilerinin Bilgisel İçeriği ve İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası’nda Test Edilmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Jones, J. J. (1991). Earnings management during import relief investigations. Journal of Accounting Research, 29(2), 193-228.
  • Küçüksözen, C. (2005). Finansal Bilgi Manipülasyonu: Nedenleri, Yöntemleri, Amaçları, Teknikleri, Sonuçları ve İMKB Şirketleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma. Ankara: Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu Yayınları, Yayın No: 183.
  • La Porta, R., Lakonishok, J., Shleifer, A. ve Vishny, R. W. (1997). Good news for value stocks: Further evidence on market efficiency. The Journal of Finance, 52(2), 859-874.
  • Lakonishok, J., Shleifer, A. ve Vishny, R. W. (1994). Contrarian investment, extrapolation, and risk. The Journal of Finance, 49(5), 1541-1578.
  • Lee, C. J., Li, L. Y. ve Yue, H. (2006). Performance, growth and earnings management. Review of Accounting Studies, 11(2-3), 305-334.
  • Madhogarhia, P., Sutton, N. K. ve Kohers, T. (2008). Earnings Smoothing among Growth and Value Firms. FMA Annual Meeting Working Paper (October 8-11, Grapevine, Texas). Erişim: 18 Haziran 2009, http://www.fma.org/Texas/Papers/ PawanF- MA2008.pdf
  • Madhogarhia, P., Sutton, N. K. ve Kohers, T. (2009). Earnings management practices among growth and value firms. Applied Financial Economics, 19(22), 1767-1778.
  • Matsumoto, D. A. (2002). Management’s incentives to avoid negative earnings surprises. The Accounting Review, 77(3), 483-514.
  • Michaud, R. O. (1999). Investment styles, market anomalies and global stock selection. USA: The Research Foundation of The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts, Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Namazi, M. ve E. Khansalar (2011). An Investigation of The Income Smoothing Behavior of Growth and Value Firms (Case Study: Tehran Stock Exchange Market). International Business Research, 4(4), 84- 93.
  • Nicholson, S. F. (1960). Price-Earnings ratios. Financial Analysts Journal, 16(4), 43-45.
  • Phalippou, L. (2008). Where is the value premium?. Financial Analysis Journal, 64(2), 41-48.
  • Prombutr, W., Lockwood, L. ve Diltz, J. D. (2010). Investment ırreversibility, cash flow risk, and value- growth stock return effects. The Financial Review, 45, 287-305.
  • Raoli, Elisa (2013). Do Managers Engage in Earnings Management to Support Firm’s Market Valuation?. Corporate Ownership & Control, 10(2), Continued-3, 627-645.
  • Ryan, P. ve Hajiyev, R. (2004). Do value stocks outper- form growth stocks around the release of firms’ financial results? Some preliminary evidence from the Irish Stock Exchange. Irish Journal of Management, 25(1), 101-109.
  • Saunders, A. ve Cornett, M. M. (2004). Financial markets and ınstitutions: A modern perspective (2. bs.). Boston, USA: Irwin/The McGraw-Hill Inc.
  • Scott, D. L. (2003). Wall Street words: An A to Z guide to investment terms for today’s investor (3. bs.). Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Scott, W. R. (2003). Financial accounting theory (3.bs.). Toronto, Canada: Prentice-Hall Inc., Pearson Edu-cation.
  • Shiri, M. M., Salehi, M. ve H. Khalatbari (2013). A Study of the Impact of Equity Overvaluation on Earnings Management: Iranian Overview. International Management Review, 9(2), 70-82.
  • Sincere, M. (2004). Understanding stocks. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
  • Skinner, D. J. ve Sloan, R. G. (2002). Earnings surprises, growth expectations, and stock returns or don’t let an earnings torpedo sink your portfolio. Review of Accounting Studies, 7, 289–312.
  • Sloan, R. (1996). Do stock prices fully reflect informa- tion in accruals and cash flows about future earnings?. The Accounting Review, 71, 289-315.
  • Smith, C. W. ve Watts, R. L. (1992). The investment opportunity set and corporate financing, dividend, and compensation policies. Journal of Financial Economics, 32(3), 263-292.
  • Stolowy, H. ve Breton, G. (2000). A framework for the classification of accounts manipulations. HEC Accounting & Management Control Working Paper (No: 708/2000). Erişim: 17 Mart 2010, SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=263290
  • Stowe, J. D., Robinson, T. R., Pinto, J. E. ve McLeavey, D. W. (2002). Analysis of equity investmentes: Valuation. Baltimore, USA: United Book Press Inc., Association for Investment Management and Research.
  • Sweeney, A. P. (1994). Debt covenant violations and managers accounting responses. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 17, 281-308.
  • Tengler, N. (2003). New era value investing: A disciplined approach to buying value and growth stocks. USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc., Wiley Finance Series.
  • Teoh, S. H., Welch, I. ve Wong, T. J. (1998a). Earnings management and the long-run market performance of initial public offerings. The Journal of Finance, 53(6), 1935-1974.
  • Teoh, S. H., Welch, I. ve Wong, T. J. (1998b). Earnings management and the underperformance of seaso- ned equity offerings. Journal of Financial Economics, 50, 63-99.
  • Thomas, J. ve Zhang, X. (2000). Identifying unexpected accruals: A comparison of current approaches. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 19, 347-376.
  • Uludağ, D. T. (2007). Value Stocks vs. Growth Stocks: A comparison of the ınvestment styles and an analysis of Istanbul Stock Exchange. Ankara: Capital Markets Board of Turkey, Publication Number: 203.
  • Watts, R. L. ve Zimmerman, J. L. (1986). Positive accoun- ting theory (1. bs.). New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. Xie, H. (2001). The mispricing of abnormal accruals. The Accounting Review, 76(3), 357-373.
  • Xing, Y. ve Zhang, L. (2005). Value Versus Growth: Movements in economic fundementals. Simon School Working Paper (FR 05-10).
  • Yükseltürk, O. (2006). Türkiye’de Hisse Senetlerinin Halka Arzı Öncesi Kârı Yüksek Gösterme Eğilimleri. Muhasebe ve Denetime Bakış Dergisi, 6(19), 99-117.
  • Zhang, L. (2005). The Value Premium. Journal of Finance, 60(1), 67-103.