Türkiye’deki İşletmelerin İstihdam Artışını Etkileyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi
İşletmelerde istihdam artışı ülke ekonomisinin gelişimine, büyümesine katkıda bulunur. İşletmelerin büyümesini etkileyen dinamikler literatürde çeşitli çalışmalarda ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışmalara göre beşeri sermaye, teknoloji, işletmelerin büyüklüğü ve yaşı önde gelen dinamiklerdendir. Bununla beraber altyapıda, finansal olanaklarda ve düzenleyici kuruluşlarda sorunsuz işleyiş işletmelerin büyümesi üzerinde destekleyici bir etkiye sahiptir. Ancak bu yapıda karşılaşılan aksaklıklar, işletmelerin büyüme konusunda karşılaştıkları engellerdir.
Bu çalışmada, istihdam artışını etkileyen dinamikler ve yanı sıra engeller, Dünya Bankası’nın düzenlediği 2015 yılı İşletme Anketlerinden faydalanılarak, Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren 6006 işletme üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Bu ankette yer alan 2012 ve 2014 yılı çalışan sayıları bilgisinden hareketle istihdam artışları hesaplanmış ve bu artışlar kategorik veriye dönüştürülmüştür. Elde edilen bu kategorik değişken ile yöneticilerin cinsiyeti, eğitim düzeyi, işletmenin yer aldığı sektör, işletmenin yaşı, büyüklüğü, işletmelerin karşılaştıkları engeller arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Çalışmada çoklu uyum analizi ve lojistik regresyon analizlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, işletmenin yaşı, yöneticinin eğitim düzeyi, sektör, yetersiz eğitimli işgücü, politik istikrarsızlık ve vergi yönetimi işletmelerin istihdam artışı üzerinde etkili olan değişkenlerdir.
Examining the Factors Affecting the Employment Increase of Enterprises in Turkey
Increases in employment contribute to the development and the growth of countries. The dynamics that affect growth of enterprises have been dealt with in various studies. Accordingly, labor force, technology, size and age of enterprises are leading dynamics. Nevertheless, trouble-free processes in financial opportunities, infrastructure and regulatory agencies have supportive effects. Troubles in these processes are known as obstacles to growth of enterprises. In this study, dynamics and obstacles, as well as other factors that affect employment increase have been analyzed using World Bank Enterprise Survey (2015) for 6006 enterprises that are operating in Turkey.
With reference to knowledge in this survey, the increases in the number of employees between the years of 2012 and 2014 were calculated. These increases were transformed into a categorical variable. The relationship between this categorical variable with the gender of executives, educational level of executives, the industry that enterprise belongs to, the age of the enterprise, the size of enterprise and obstacles were investigated. Multiple correspondence analysis and logistic regression were used in the analysis. According to the findings, the age of the enterprises, the educational level of executives, the industry that the enterprise belongs to, inadequately educated employees, political instability as well as tax administration have an effect on increases in employment.
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