Türkiye ve İran Tecrübelerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi Bağlamında Mısır’ın Politik Geleceği

2011 devriminin sonucu olarak demokratik bir rejim kurma perspektifi İslamcı gruplarca domine edilen bir hakim otorite olasılığını barındırdığı için Mısır sokaklarında olduğu kadar entellektüeller arasında da pek çok tartışmaya yol açtı. Özellikle liberal, köklü ve örgütlenmiş muhalif partilerin yokluğunda eski rejimin baskı altında tuttuğu farklı dini grupların meydana çıkışı ve Mısır siyasi hayatında yer alma isteklerini alenen dile getirmeleri bu şüpheleri daha da arttırdı. Dini merkezli bir rejime sahip olma olasılığı tezi, Siyasal İslam’ın Türkiye-İran karşılaştırmalı analizine dayanarak, dini hareketlerin Mısır siyasi yaşamına katılımlarında yaşanan evrimin de ışığında her iki ülke modeli için de incelenmiştir.

Egypt’s Political Future in a Comparative Analysis between the Turkish and the Iranian Experience

The perspective of establishing a democratic regime in the aftermath of the youth revolution in 2011 has stimulated a lot of debates among intellectuals as well as in the Egyptian street about the possibility of having a ruling authority that is mainly dominated by some Islamic-oriented groups. The emergence of different religious factions that were repressed under the precedent regime and their public expression of a willingness to take part into the political life in Egypt increased the doubts about this possibility especially in the absence of liberal, grass-rooted and well-organized opposition parties. By relying on a comparative analysis of political Islam in both Turkey and Iran, the argument of having a possible religiously oriented regime on either country’s model is examined in light of the evolution of religion involvement in the Egyptian political life.

___

ABED-KOTOB, Sana (1995), “The Accommodationists Speak: Goals and Strategies of the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 321-339.

AKHAVI, Shahrough (2003), “Sunni Modernist Theories of Social Contract in Contemporary Egypt”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 23-49.

AKHAVI, Shahrough, (1992), “The Clergy's Concepts of Rule in Egypt and Iran”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 524, Political Islam, pp. 92-102

ARJOMAND, Said Amir (1986), “Iran’s Islamic Revolution in Comparative Perspective”, World Politics, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 383-414.

ASHTIANI, Ali Mirsepassi (1994), “The Crisis of Secular Politics and the Rise of Political Islam in Iran”, Social Text, No. 38, pp. 51-84.

ASHOUR, Omar (2007), “Lions Tamed? An Inquiry into the Causes of DeRadicalization of Armed Islamist Movements: The Case of the Egyptian Islamic Group”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 596-625.

ATAMAN, Muhittin (2002), “Özal Leadership and Restructuring of Turkish Ethnic Policy in the 1980s”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 123-142.

AYATA, Sencer (1996), “Patronage, Party, and State: The Politicization of Islam in Turkey”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 40-56.

AYOOB, Mohamed (2004), “Political Islam: Image and Reality”, World Policy Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1-14.

AYOOB, Mohamed (2009), The Many Faces of Political Islam; Religion and Politics in the Muslim World, University of Michigan Press.

AYOUBI, Nazih (1991), Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World, Routledge, London, New York.

BAYAT, Asef (1998), “Revolution without Movement, Movement without Revolution: Comparing Islamic Activism in Iran and Egypt”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 136-169.

BAYAT, Asef (2005), “Islamism and Social Movement Theory”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 891-908.

BRADLEY, Megan (2007), Political Islam, Political Institutions and Civil Society in Iran, International Development Research Center.

FAWAZ, Gerges (2000), Middle East Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 297-299.

FAWAZ, Gerges (2000),” The End of the Islamist Insurgency in Egypt? : Costs and Prospects”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 592-612.

FLORES, Alexander (1993), “Secularism, Integralism and Political Islam: The Egyptian Debate” Middle East Report, No. 183, pp. 32-38.

FOX, Jonathan (2001), “Religion as an Overlooked Element of International Relations”, International Studies Review, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 5373.

FULLER, Graham (2002), “The Future of Political Islam”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 48-60.

GULALP, Haldun (2001), “Globalization and Political Islam: The Social Bases of Turkey's Welfare Party”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 433-448.

HEFNER, Robert W. (2006), The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 654-656.

JENKINS, Gareth (2008), “Political Islam in Turkey: Running West, Heading East”, Palgrave; Macmillan, New York.

KADIOĞLU, Ayse (1994), “Women's Subordination in Turkey: Is Islam Really the Villain?”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 645-660.

KEPEL, Gilles (2004), “Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam”, The Journal of Religion, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 335-336.

KOKER, Levent (1995), “Local Politics and Democracy in Turkey: An Appraisal”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 540, Local Governance around the World, pp. 51-62.

KRAMER, Heinz (1999), “Turkey toward 2000: In Search of National Consensus and a New Political Center”, The Brookings Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 32-35.

MAMDANI, Mahmood (2005), “Whither Political Islam? Understanding the Modern Jihad”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 148-155.

MASON, Whit (2000), “The Future of Political Islam in Turkey”, World Policy Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 56-67.

MEITAL, Yoram (2006), “The Struggle over Political Order in Egypt: The 2005 Elections”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 257-279.

NAJJAR, Fauzi (2000), “Islamic Fundamentalism and the Intellectuals: The Case of Naṣr Ḥāmid Abū Zayd”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 177-200.

ONIS, Ziya (1997), “The Political Economy of Islamic Resurgence in Turkey: The Rise of the Welfare Party”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Sep., 1997), pp. 743-766.

SAGIV, David (1992), “Judge Ashmawi and Militant Islam in Egypt”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 531-546.

SATCHER, Joshua (2002), “Post-Islamist Rumblings in Egypt: The Emergence of the Wasat Party”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 415432.

SCOTT, Rachel M. (2010), The Challenge of Political Islam: Non-Muslim and the Egyptian State, Stanford University Press, California.

SHEPARD, William E. (1996), “Muhammad Said al-Ashmawi and the Application of the Sharia in Egypt”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 39-58.

SOMER, Murat (2007), “Moderate Islam and Secularist Opposition in Turkey: Implications for the World, Muslims and Secular Democracy”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 7 (2007), pp. 1271-1289.

YAVUZ, Hakan (1997), “Political Islam and the Welfare (Refah) Party in Turkey”, Comparative Politics, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 63-82.

YAVUZ, Hakan (1996), “Turkey’s ‘Imagined Enemies’: Kurds and Islamists”, The World Today, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 99-101.

YILMAZ, Hakan (2007), “Islam, Sovereignty, and Democracy: A Turkish View”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 477-493.

ZEGHAL, Malika (1999), “Religion and Politics in Egypt: The Ulema of alAzhar, Radical Islam, and the State (1952-94)”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 371-399.

ZONIS, Marvin (1985), “The Rule of the Clerics in the Islamic Republic of Iran”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 482, Changing Patterns of Power in the Middle East (Nov., 1985), pp. 85-108.

ZUBAIDA, Sami (1996), “Turkish Islam and National Identity”, Middle East Report, No. 199, Turkey: Insolvent Ideologies, Fractured State, pp. 10-15.