Okulu Bırakmanın Önlenmesi Ve Önlemeye Yönelik Uygulamalar
Okulu býrakma (okul terki) yaygýn eðitsel problemlerden biridir. Bununla ilgili oraný azaltmak birçok ülkenin eðitsel önceliklerinden biri haline gelmiþtir. Gerçekte düþük okulu býrakma oraný, eðitim sisteminin kalitesinin bir göstergesi olarak alýnmaktadýr. Okulu býrakma olayýný azaltmayý ve okulu baþarýyla tamamlamayý hedefleyen; akademik baþarý programlarý, devam takibi uygulamalarý, psikolojik danýþmanlýk hizmetleri, okul sonrasý eðitsel kulüpler, akran öðreticiliði, özgeci davranýþ geliþtirme, davranýþ yönetimi, atýlganlýk eðitimi, mesleki eðitim, alternatif okul programlarý gibi birçok önleme ve müdahale uygulamalarý/programlarý bulunmaktadýr. Bu programlardan, okulu býrakma probleminin karmaþýk ve bütüncül doðasýna uygun olmasý ve de okul yöneticileri, öðretmenler, veliler, psikolojik danýþmanlar ve diðer eðitsel birimlerin ortak çabalarýný birleþtirici olmasý beklenmektedir
THE PREVENTION OF SCHOOL DROPOUT AND PRACTICES FOR PREVENTION
School dropout is one of the problems in general education and reducing the dropout rate has become an educational priority in a lot of countries. A low dropout rate is used as an indicator of the quality of the school system. There are a lot of prevention and interventation practices/programs aimed at dropout and succesful school completion such as; academic achievement programs, attendance mentoring, counseling services, after-school educational clubs, peer tutoring, prosocial skill development, behavior management training, positive assertiveness, vocational training and alternative school programs. It is expected that these programs must address the complex and interactive nature of the dropouts problem sufficiently and must be joined with the common efforts of educational agents such as administrators, teachers, parents, counselors and others.
___
- Arons, R.D. & Schwatz, F.S. (1993). Interdisciplinary Coleadership of High School Groups
for Prevention: Practice Issues. Social Work, 38 (1), 9-14.
- Battin-Pearson ve Ark. (2000). Predictors of Early High School Dropout. A Test of Five
Theories. Journal of Edecational Psychology, 92 (3), 568-582.
- Beatty, A., Neisser, U., Trent, W.T. & Heubert, J.P. (2001).Understanding Dropouts: Statistics,
Strategies and High-Stakes Testing. Washington: National Academy Pres.
- Blum, D.J. & Jones, L.A. (1993). Academic Growth Group and Mentoring Program for
Potentional Dropouts. School Counselor, 40 (3), 217-228.
- Bozanoðlu, Ý. (2005).Biliþsel-Davranýþçý Yaklaþýma Dayalý Grup Rehberliðinin Güdülenme,
Benlik Saygýsý, Baþarý ve Sýnav Kaygýsý Düzeylerine Etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi,
Eðitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 38 (1), 17-42.
- Campbell, L.A. (2004). As Strong As the Weakest Link: Urban High School Dropout. High
School Journal, 87 (2), 16-24.
- Cassel, R.N. (2003). A High School Drop-Out Prevention Program For The At-Risk
Sophomore Students.Education, 123 (4), 649-659.
- Christenson, S.L. & Thurlow, M.L. (2004). School Dropouts: Prevention Considetrations,
Ýnterventions and Challenges. Current Directions ýn Psychological Science, 13,
36-39.
- Chistenson, S.L., Sinclair, M.F., Lehr, C.A. & Godber, Y. (2001). Promoting Successful School
Completion: Critical Conceptual and Metodological Guidelines. School Psychology
Quarterly, 16 (4), 468-484.
- Chistle, C.A., Jolivetti, K. & Nelson, M. (2007). School Characteristics Related to High
School Dropout Rates.Remedial and Special Education, 28 (6), 325-339.
- Conover-Myll, N. (1988). The Dropout Prevention Handbook: A Guide for Administrators,
Counselors and Teachers. New York: Parker Publishing Company.
- Dekkers, H. & Claassen, A. (2001). Dropouts- Disadventeged By Defination? A Study of The
Perspective of Early School Leavers. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 27, 341-
354.
- Doll, B. & Hess, R.S. (2001). Trough ANew Lens: Contempoarary Psychological Prespectives
on School Completion and Dropping out of High School. School Pschology
Quarterly, 16 (4), 351-356.
- Downing, J. & Harrison, T.C. (1990). Dropout prevention: A Practical Approach. School
Counselor, 38 (1), 67-74.
- Egyed, C.L., Mc Intoch, D.E. & Bull, K.S. (1998). School Psychologists’ perceptions of
Priorities for Dealing With the Dropout Problem. Psychology in the Schools, 35(2),
153-162.
- Ellenbogen, S. & Chamberland, C. (1997). The Peer Relations of Dropouts. A Comparative
Study of a Risk and Not At-Risk Youths. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 355-367.
- Franklin, C., Streeter, C.L., Kim, J.S. & Tripodi, S.j. (2007). The Effectiveness of a SolutionFocused, Public Alternative School For Dropout Prevention and Retrieval. Children
& Schools, 29 (3), 133-143.
Graeff-Martins, A.S., Oswald, S., Comassetto, J.O., Kieling, C.,Goncalves, R.R. & Rohde,
- L.A. (2006). A Package of Intervention to Reduce School Dropout in Public
Schools in a Developing Country. Europian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15(8),
442-449.
- Hayes, R.L., Nelson J., Tabin, M., Pearson, G. & Worthy, C. (2002):Using School Wide Data to
Advocate For Students Success. Profesional School Counseling, 6 (2), 86-95.
- Hoz, R., Kainan, A. & Reid, I. (2000). Negev -Bedouin Parents’views on the Reason for
School Dropout. Research ýn Education, 63, 68-81.
- Kronick, R.F. (1994). The Imperative of Dealing With Dropouts: Theory, Practice and Reform.
Education, 114 (4), 530-538.
- Lehr, C.A., Hansen, A., Sinclair, M.F. & Christenson, S.L.(2003). Moving Beyond Dropout
Towards School Completion. An Integrative Review of Data-Based Intervention.
School Psychology Review, 32(3)
Novicki, S., Duke, M.P., Sisney, S., Stricker, B. & Tyler, M.A. (2004). Reducing the Drop-Out
Rate of At-Risk High School Students: The Effective Learning Program (ELP).
Genetic. Social and General Psychology Monographs, 130 (3), 225-259.
- Mueller, D., Giacomazzi, A.& Stoddart, A. (2006). Dealing with Chronic Absenteesim and Its
Related Consequences: The Process and Short-Term Effects of a Diversionary
Juvenile Court Intervention. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 11(2),
199-219.
- Mahoney, J.L. & Cairns, R.B. (1997). Do Extracurricular Activities Protest Against Early
School Dropout?. Developmental Psychology, 33(2), 241-2353.
- Orthner, D.K. & Randolp, K.A. (1999). Welfare Reform and High School Dropout Patterns for
Children.Children and Youth Sercvices Review, 20 (9/10), 881-900.
- Prevatt, F. & Kelly, F.D. (2003). Dropping Out Of School: AReview of Ýntervention Programs.
Journal of School Psychology, 41, 377-395.
- Rees, D.L. & Mocan, H.N. (1997). Labor Market Conditions and the High School Dropout
Rate. Evidence From NewYork State: Ecomomics of Education Review, 16 (2); 103-
109.
- Resmi Gazete (19.01.2007) Milli Eðitim Bakanlýðý, Ortaöðretim Kurumlarý Ödül ve Disiplin
Yönetmeliði, 26408
- Rosenthal, B.S. (1998). Non-School Correletes of Dropout: An Integrative Review of the
Literatüre. Children & Youth Service Review, 20 (5), 413-433.
- Stanard, R.P. (2003). High School Graduation Rates In United States: Implications For The
Counseling Profession. Journal of Counseling and Development, 81 (2), 217-222.
- Sherrow, V. (1996). Life Issues: Dropping Out. New York: Benchmark Books.
South, S.J., Haynie, D.L. & Bose, S. (2007).Student Mobility and School Dropout.
Social Science Research,36, 68-94.
- Srebnik, D.S. & Elias, M.J. (1993). An Ecological, Interpersonal Skills Approach to Drop-Out
Prevention. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63(4), 526-535.
- Suh, S. & Suh, J. (2006). Educational Engagement and Degree Attainment Among High
School Dropouts.Educational Research and Quarterly, 29 (3), 11-20.
- Suh, S., Suh, J. & Houston, I. (2007).Perdictors Of Categorical At-Risk High School Dropouts.
Journal of Counseling And Development, 85, 196-203.
Þahin, Y. & Uysal, A. (2007, 5-7 Eylül). Ortaöðretimde Okulu Býrakma Olgusunun Sosyolojik
Analizi. 16. Eðitim Bilimleri Kongresi, Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Tokat-Türkiye
- Tebliðler Dergisi (2567-Aralýk 2004). Milli Eðitim Bakanlýðý Ortaöðretim Kurumlarý
Sýnýf Geçme ve Sýnav Yönetmeliði. (14-01-2008 tarihinde meb.gov.tr. adresinden
alýnmýþtýr).
- Tiggemann, M. & Winefield, A.H. (1989). Predictors of Employement, Unemployment and
Further Study Among School-Leavers. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62,
213-221.
- Trusty, J. (1996). Counseling for Dropout Prevention: Implications From Multicultural
Counseling. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 24 (2).
Uysal, A. & Þahin, Y. (2007,5-7Eylül). Ortaöðretimde Okulu Býrakma Olgusunu Tetikleyen
Yapýsal/Çevresel Faktörler. 16. Eðitim Bilimleri Kongresi, Osmangazi Üniversitesi,
5-7 Eylül 2007. Tokat- Türkiye
- Warren, J.R. & Lee, J.C. (2002). The Impact of Adolescent Employment on High School
Dropout: Differences by Individual and Labor-Market Characteristics. Social
Science Research, 32, 98-128.
- Wegner, L., Flisher, A.J., Chicopvu, P., Lombard, C. & King, G. (2007). Leisure Boredom and
High School Dropout in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of Adolescence, 1-11.
- Vitero, F.,Larocque, D., Janosz, M., & Tremblay, R.E. (2001). Negative Social Expriences and
Dropping out of School. Educational Psychology, 21 (4), 401-415.